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The widespread use of generative models has created a feedback loop, in which each generation of models is trained on data partially produced by its predecessors. This process has raised concerns about model collapse: A critical degradation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-27 Daniel Barzilai , Ohad Shamir

As synthetic data becomes higher quality and proliferates on the internet, machine learning models are increasingly trained on a mix of human- and machine-generated data. Despite the successful stories of using synthetic data for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Nate Gillman , Michael Freeman , Daksh Aggarwal , Chia-Hong Hsu , Calvin Luo , Yonglong Tian , Chen Sun

What happens when generative machine learning models are pretrained on web-scale datasets containing data generated by earlier models? Some prior work warns of "model collapse" as the web is overwhelmed by synthetic data; other work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Joshua Kazdan , Rylan Schaeffer , Apratim Dey , Matthias Gerstgrasser , Rafael Rafailov , David L. Donoho , Sanmi Koyejo

The phenomenon of model collapse, introduced in (Shumailov et al., 2023), refers to the deterioration in performance that occurs when new models are trained on synthetic data generated from previously trained models. This recursive training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Mohamed El Amine Seddik , Suei-Wen Chen , Soufiane Hayou , Pierre Youssef , Merouane Debbah

As synthetic data proliferates across the Internet, it is often reused to train successive generations of generative models. This creates a ``self-consuming loop" that can lead to training instability or \textit{model collapse}. Common…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zhongteng Cai , Yaxuan Wang , Yang Liu , Xueru Zhang

The proliferation of generative models, combined with pretraining on web-scale data, raises a timely question: what happens when these models are trained on their own generated outputs? Recent investigations into model-data feedback loops…

Synthetic data has been increasingly used to train frontier generative models. However, recent studies raise key concerns that iteratively retraining a generative model on its self-generated synthetic data may keep deteriorating model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-09 Bingji Yi , Qiyuan Liu , Yuwei Cheng , Haifeng Xu

Within the scaling laws paradigm, which underpins the training of large neural networks like ChatGPT and Llama, we consider a supervised regression setting and establish the existance of a strong form of the model collapse phenomenon, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Elvis Dohmatob , Yunzhen Feng , Arjun Subramonian , Julia Kempe

The increasing prevalence of synthetic data in training loops has raised concerns about model collapse, where generative models degrade when trained on their own outputs. While prior work focuses on this self-consuming process, we study an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Weiguo Gao , Ming Li

The problem of model collapse has presented new challenges in iterative training of generative models, where such training with synthetic data leads to an overall degradation of performance. This paper looks at the problem from a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-19 Soham Bakshi , Sunrit Chakraborty

Large Language Models (LLM) are increasingly trained on data generated by other LLM, either because generated text and images become part of the pre-training corpus, or because synthetized data is used as a replacement for expensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Yunzhen Feng , Elvis Dohmatob , Pu Yang , Francois Charton , Julia Kempe

Synthetically-generated data plays an increasingly larger role in training large language models. However, while synthetic data has been found to be useful, studies have also shown that without proper curation it can cause LLM performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Kareem Amin , Sara Babakniya , Alex Bie , Weiwei Kong , Umar Syed , Sergei Vassilvitskii

Large language models increasingly rely on synthetic data due to human-written content scarcity, yet recursive training on model-generated outputs leads to model collapse, a degenerative process threatening factual reliability. We define…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Figarri Keisha , Zekun Wu , Ze Wang , Adriano Koshiyama , Philip Treleaven

Recent research has highlighted the risk of generative model collapse, where performance progressively degrades when continually trained on self-generated data. However, existing exploration on model collapse is limited to single, unimodal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Zizhao Hu , Mohammad Rostami , Jesse Thomason

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly prevalent, their generated outputs are proliferating across the web, risking a future where machine-generated content dilutes human-authored text. Since online data is the primary resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 George Drayson , Emine Yilmaz , Vasileios Lampos

As AI model size grows, neural scaling laws have become a crucial tool to predict the improvements of large models when increasing capacity and the size of original (human or natural) training data. Yet, the widespread use of popular models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Elvis Dohmatob , Yunzhen Feng , Pu Yang , Francois Charton , Julia Kempe

Recursive learning -- where models are trained on data generated by previous versions of themselves -- is increasingly common in large language models, autonomous agents, and self-supervised systems. However, standard performance metrics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zhipeng Zhang

Auto-regressive language models (LMs) have been widely used to generate data in data-scarce domains to train new LMs, compensating for the scarcity of real-world data. Previous work experimentally found that LMs collapse when trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Lecheng Wang , Xianjie Shi , Ge Li , Jia Li , Xuanming Zhang , Yihong Dong , Wenpin Jiao , Hong Mei

Recent studies identified an intriguing phenomenon in recursive generative model training known as model collapse, where models trained on data generated by previous models exhibit severe performance degradation. Addressing this issue and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-10 Hengzhi He , Shirong Xu , Guang Cheng

In the era of proliferation of large language and image generation models, the phenomenon of "model collapse" refers to the situation whereby as a model is trained recursively on data generated from previous generations of itself over time,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Elvis Dohmatob , Yunzhen Feng , Julia Kempe
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