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System models, a critical artifact in software development, provide a formal abstraction of both the structural and behavioral aspects of software systems, which can facilitate the early requirements analysis and architecture design.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Dongming Jin , Zhi Jin , Linyu Li , Zheng Fang , Jia Li , Xiaohong Chen

Code large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in code debugging by directly generating the correct code based on the buggy code snippet. Programming benchmarks, typically consisting of buggy code snippet and their…

With the unprecedented advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), their application domains have expanded to include code generation tasks across various programming languages. While significant progress has been made in enhancing LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Prashanth Vijayaraghavan , Luyao Shi , Stefano Ambrogio , Charles Mackin , Apoorva Nitsure , David Beymer , Ehsan Degan

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance on various tasks, but existing evaluation benchmarks are often static and insufficient to fully assess their robustness and generalization in realistic scenarios. Prior work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 JiaRu Wu , Mingwei Liu

Large language models (LLMs) can often generate functionally correct code, but their ability to produce efficient implementations for performance-critical systems tasks remains limited. Existing code benchmarks mainly emphasize correctness…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Huihao Jing , Wenbin Hu , Haochen Shi , Hanyu Yang , Sirui Zhang , Shaojin Chen , Haoran Li , Yangqiu Song

Recent advancements in generative AI have led to the widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) in software engineering, addressing numerous long-standing challenges. However, a comprehensive study examining the capabilities of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Ting Zhang , Chengran Yang , Yindu Su , Martin Weyssow , Hung Nguyen , Tan Bui , Hong Jin Kang , Yikun Li , Eng Lieh Ouh , Lwin Khin Shar , David Lo

The security of scripting languages such as PowerShell is critical given their powerful automation and administration capabilities, often exercised with elevated privileges. Today, securing these languages still demands substantial human…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Keyang Zhang , Zeyu Chen , Xuan Feng , Dongliang Fang , Yaowen Zheng , Zhi Li , Limin Sun

Smart contracts can implement and automate parts of legal contracts, but ensuring their legal compliance remains challenging. Existing approaches such as formal specification, verification, and model-based development require expertise in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chanuka Wijayakoon , Hai Dong , H. M. N. Dilum Bandara , Zahir Tari , Anurag Soin

As coding challenges become more complex, recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to notable successes, such as achieving a 94.6\% solve rate on the HumanEval benchmark. Concurrently, there is an increasing commercial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Douglas Schonholtz

This study presents a comprehensive empirical evaluation of six state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) for code generation, including both general-purpose and code-specialized models. Using a dataset of 944 real-world LeetCode…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Le Zhang , Suresh Kothari

Software vulnerabilities are increasing at an alarming rate. However, manual patching is both time-consuming and resource-intensive, while existing automated vulnerability repair (AVR) techniques remain limited in effectiveness. Recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Zichao Wei , Jun Zeng , Ming Wen , Zeliang Yu , Kai Cheng , Yiding Zhu , Jingyi Guo , Shiqi Zhou , Le Yin , Xiaodong Su , Zhechao Ma

How to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) in code generation remains an open question. Existing benchmarks have two limitations - data leakage and lack of domain-specific evaluation. The former hurts the fairness of benchmarks, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Jia Li , Ge Li , Xuanming Zhang , Yunfei Zhao , Yihong Dong , Zhi Jin , Binhua Li , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

In this paper, we present a challenging code reasoning task: vulnerability detection. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in natural-language and math reasoning, but state-of-the-art (SOTA) models reported only 54.5%…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Benjamin Steenhoek , Md Mahbubur Rahman , Monoshi Kumar Roy , Mirza Sanjida Alam , Hengbo Tong , Swarna Das , Earl T. Barr , Wei Le

The Ethereum platform supports the decentralized execution of smart contracts, i.e. computer programs that transfer digital assets between users. The most common language used to develop these contracts is Solidity, a Javascript-like…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Massimo Bartoletti , Letterio Galletta , Maurizio Murgia

Solidity is an object-oriented and high-level language for writing smart contracts that are used to execute, verify and enforce credible transactions on permissionless blockchains. In the last few years, analysis of smart contracts has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Chao Peng , Sefa Akca , Ajitha Rajan

Large language models (LLMs) have recently achieved notable success in code-generation benchmarks such as HumanEval and LiveCodeBench. However, a detailed examination reveals that these evaluation suites often comprise only a limited number…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zihan Ma , Taolin Zhang , Maosong Cao , Junnan Liu , Wenwei Zhang , Minnan Luo , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Code coverage is a widely used metric for quantifying the extent to which program elements, such as statements or branches, are executed during testing. Calculating code coverage is resource-intensive, requiring code building and execution…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Michele Tufano , Shubham Chandel , Anisha Agarwal , Neel Sundaresan , Colin Clement

Code analysis is fundamental in Software Engineering, supporting debugging, optimization, and security assessment. Human developers approach it through syntax parsing, static semantics inference, and dynamic reasoning. Traditional tools are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Wei Ma , Zhihao Lin , Shangqing Liu , Qiang Hu , Ye Liu , Wenhan Wang , Cen Zhang , Liming Nie , Li Li , Yang Liu , Lingxiao Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities across many domains, yet their evaluation in financial quantitative tasks remains fragmented and mostly limited to knowledge-centric question answering. We introduce QuantEval, a…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in generating code for general-purpose programming languages. However, their potential for hardware description languages (HDLs), such as SystemVerilog,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Arnav Sheth , Ivaxi Sheth , Mario Fritz