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In real-world NLP applications, Large Language Models (LLMs) offer promising solutions due to their extensive training on vast datasets. However, the large size and high computation demands of LLMs limit their practicality in many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Juanhui Li , Sreyashi Nag , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Sheikh Sarwar , Limeng Cui , Hansu Gu , Suhang Wang , Qi He , Jiliang Tang

With Large Language Models (LLMs) rapidly approaching and potentially surpassing human-level performance, it has become imperative to develop approaches capable of effectively supervising and enhancing these powerful models using smaller,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Aakriti Agrawal , Mucong Ding , Zora Che , Chenghao Deng , Anirudh Satheesh , Bang An , Bayan Bruss , John Langford , Furong Huang

When evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in question answering domains, it is common to ask the model to choose among a fixed set of choices (so-called multiple-choice question-answering, or MCQA). Although downstream tasks of interest…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Narun Raman , Taylor Lundy , Kevin Leyton-Brown

Strong empirical evidence that one machine-learning algorithm A outperforms another one B ideally calls for multiple trials optimizing the learning pipeline over sources of variation such as data sampling, data augmentation, parameter…

Benchmarking large language models (LLMs) is critical for understanding their capabilities, limitations, and robustness. In addition to interface artifacts, prior studies have shown that LLM decisions can be influenced by directive signals…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yow-Fu Liou , Yu-Chien Tang , Yu-Hsiang Liu , An-Zi Yen

In image quality assessment, a collective visual quality score for an image or video is obtained from the individual ratings of many subjects. One commonly used format for these experiments is the two-alternative forced choice method. Two…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Mohsen Jenadeleh , Johannes Zagermann , Harald Reiterer , Ulf-Dietrich Reips , Raouf Hamzaoui , Dietmar Saupe

In-context learning can help Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt new tasks without additional training. However, this performance heavily depends on the quality of the demonstrations, driving research into effective demonstration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Dong Shu , Mengnan Du

Evaluating the symbolic reasoning of large language models (LLMs) calls for geometry benchmarks that require multi-step proofs grounded in both text and diagrams. However, existing benchmarks are often limited in scale and rarely provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Yushun Zhang , Weiping Fu , Zesheng Yang , Bo Zhao , Lingling Zhang , Jian Zhang , Yumeng Fu , Jiaxing Huang , Jun Liu

Streaming services have reshaped how we discover and engage with digital entertainment. Despite these advancements, effectively understanding the wide spectrum of user search queries continues to pose a significant challenge. An accurate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Farnoosh Javadi , Phanideep Gampa , Alyssa Woo , Xingxing Geng , Hang Zhang , Jose Sepulveda , Belhassen Bayar , Fei Wang

Code-mixing, the practice of switching between languages within a conversation, poses unique challenges for traditional NLP. Existing benchmarks are limited by their narrow language pairs and tasks, failing to adequately assess large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Yilun Yang , Yekun Chai

Weak supervision (WS) is a popular approach for label-efficient learning, leveraging diverse sources of noisy but inexpensive weak labels to automatically annotate training data. Despite its wide usage, WS and its practical value are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Tianyi Zhang , Linrong Cai , Jeffrey Li , Nicholas Roberts , Neel Guha , Jinoh Lee , Frederic Sala

Attribution and fact verification are critical challenges in natural language processing for assessing information reliability. While automated systems and Large Language Models (LLMs) aim to retrieve and select concise evidence to support…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Guy Alt , Eran Hirsch , Serwar Basch , Ido Dagan , Oren Glickman

We present AMO-Bench, an Advanced Mathematical reasoning benchmark with Olympiad level or even higher difficulty, comprising 50 human-crafted problems. Existing benchmarks have widely leveraged high school math competitions for evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Shengnan An , Xunliang Cai , Xuezhi Cao , Xiaoyu Li , Yehao Lin , Junlin Liu , Xinxuan Lv , Dan Ma , Xuanlin Wang , Ziwen Wang , Shuang Zhou

Choosing the optimizer is considered to be among the most crucial design decisions in deep learning, and it is not an easy one. The growing literature now lists hundreds of optimization methods. In the absence of clear theoretical guidance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Robin M. Schmidt , Frank Schneider , Philipp Hennig

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for visual question answering (VQA), enabling reasoning and contextual understanding across visual and textual modalities. Despite their advancements, the evaluation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Nikitha SR

Large language models~(LLMs) have greatly advanced the frontiers of artificial intelligence, attaining remarkable improvement in model capacity. To assess the model performance, a typical approach is to construct evaluation benchmarks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Kun Zhou , Yutao Zhu , Zhipeng Chen , Wentong Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Xu Chen , Yankai Lin , Ji-Rong Wen , Jiawei Han

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) is challenging. Traditional ground-truth-based benchmarks fail to capture the comprehensiveness and nuance of real-world queries, while LLM-as-judge benchmarks suffer from grading biases and limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jinjie Ni , Fuzhao Xue , Xiang Yue , Yuntian Deng , Mahir Shah , Kabir Jain , Graham Neubig , Yang You

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in everyday applications, demanding robust general reasoning capabilities and diverse reasoning skillset. However, current LLM reasoning benchmarks predominantly focus on mathematical…

Adapting large language models (LLMs) to specific domains often faces a critical bottleneck: the scarcity of high-quality, human-curated data. While large volumes of unchecked data are readily available, indiscriminately using them for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jian Wu , Hang Yu , Bingchang Liu , Wenjie Yang , Peng Di , Jianguo Li , Yue Zhang

Estimating the difficulty of input questions as perceived by large language models (LLMs) is essential for accurate performance evaluation and adaptive inference. Existing methods typically rely on repeated response sampling, auxiliary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yubo Zhu , Dongrui Liu , Zecheng Lin , Wei Tong , Sheng Zhong , Jing Shao
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