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Quantum computing is believed to be particularly useful for the simulation of chemistry and materials, among the various applications. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the development of near-term quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-12 Guoming Wang , Sukin Sim , Peter D. Johnson

Most literature in the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) algorithm focuses on finding the ground state of a physical system, by minimizing a quantum-computed cost-function. When excited states are required, the cost-function is usually…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-12 Kyle Sherbert , Marco Buongiorno Nardelli

Variational calculations of excited electronic states are carried out by finding saddle points on the surface that describes how the energy of the system varies as a function of the electronic degrees of freedom. This approach has several…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Yorick L. A. Schmerwitz , Gianluca Levi , Hannes Jónsson

We present a variational Monte Carlo algorithm for estimating the lowest excited states of a quantum system which is a natural generalization of the estimation of ground states. The method has no free parameters and requires no explicit…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 David Pfau , Simon Axelrod , Halvard Sutterud , Ingrid von Glehn , James S. Spencer

Estimating nonlinear properties such as R\'enyi entropies and observable-weighted moments serves as a central strategy for spectrum spectroscopy, which is fundamental to property prediction and analysis in quantum information science,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Xiao Shi , Jiyu Jiang , Xian Wu , Jingu Xie , Hongshun Yao , Xin Wang

Solving challenging problems in quantum chemistry is one of the most promising applications of quantum computers. Within the quantum algorithms proposed for problems in excited state quantum chemistry, subspace-based quantum algorithms,…

We combine classical heuristics with partial shadow tomography to enable efficient protocols for extracting information from correlated ab initio electronic systems encoded on quantum devices. By proposing the use of a correlation energy…

Applications of quantum simulation algorithms to obtain electronic energies of molecules on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices require careful consideration of resources describing the complex electron correlation effects. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-17 Mekena Metcalf , Nicholas P. Bauman , Karol Kowalski , Wibe A. de Jong

A quantum computing algorithm is proposed to obtain low-lying excited states in many-body interacting systems. The approximate eigenstates are obtained by using a quantum space diagonalization method in a subspace of states selected from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Jing Zhang , Denis Lacroix

The development of variational density functional theory approaches to excited electronic states is impeded by limitations of the commonly used self-consistent field (SCF) procedure. A method based on a direct optimization approach as well…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-11-09 Gianluca Levi , Aleksei V. Ivanov , Hannes Jónsson

The exact evaluation of the molecular ground state in quantum chemistry requires an exponentially increasing computational cost. Quantum computation is a promising way to overcome the exponential problem using polynomial-time quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-30 Changsu Cao , Jiaqi Hu , Wengang Zhang , Xusheng Xu , Dechin Chen , Fan Yu , Jun Li , Hanshi Hu , Dingshun Lv , Man-Hong Yung

Variational-Quantum-Eigensolver (VQE) method has been known as the method of chemical calculation using quantum computers and classical computers. This method also can derive the energy levels of excited states by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Hikaru Wakaura , Takao Tomono

Within the evolving domain of quantum computational chemistry, the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) has been developed to explore not only the ground state but also the excited states of molecules. In this study, we compare the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 I-Chi Chen , Nouhaila Innan , Suman Kumar Roy , Jason Saroni

Molecular ground-state simulation is one of the most promising fields for demonstrating practical quantum advantage on near-term quantum computers. However, the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE), a leading algorithm for this task, still…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Runhong He , Qiaozhen Chai , Xin Hong , Ji Guan , Guolong Cui , Shengbin Wang , Shenggang Ying

Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) provides a lucrative platform to determine molecular energetics in near-term quantum devices. While the VQE is traditionally tailored to determine the ground state wavefunction with the underlying…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-22 Dibyendu Mondal , Rahul Maitra

Quantum state preparation is a fundamental primitive in quantum algorithms for encoding classical data into quantum amplitudes. We compare the cost of preparing general $n$-qubit states with real amplitudes using two common paradigms:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Diyi Liu , Hanyu Wang , Shuchen Zhu , Jason Cong , Wibe A. de Jong , Di Fang , Zhen Huang , Costin Iancu , Chao Yang

Calculations of highly excited and delocalized molecular vibrational states are computationally challenging tasks, which strongly depends on the choice of coordinates for describing vibrational motions. We introduce a new method that…

Calculating the energy spectrum of a quantum system is an important task, for example to analyse reaction rates in drug discovery and catalysis. There has been significant progress in developing algorithms to calculate the ground state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-12 Suguru Endo , Tyson Jones , Sam McArdle , Xiao Yuan , Simon Benjamin

Achieving a practical advantage with near-term quantum computers hinges on having effective methods to suppress errors. Recent breakthroughs have introduced methods capable of exponentially suppressing errors by preparing multiple noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-26 Piotr Czarnik , Andrew Arrasmith , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles

Quantum Amplitude Estimation (QAE) can achieve a quadratic speed-up for applications classically solved by Monte Carlo simulation. A key requirement to realize this advantage is efficient state preparation. If state preparation is too…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-17 Almudena Carrera Vazquez , Stefan Woerner