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A major driver of AI products today is the fact that new skills emerge in language models when their parameter set and training corpora are scaled up. This phenomenon is poorly understood, and a mechanistic explanation via mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Sanjeev Arora , Anirudh Goyal

Recently, scaling test-time compute on Large Language Models (LLM) has garnered wide attention. However, there has been limited investigation of how various reasoning prompting strategies perform as scaling. In this paper, we focus on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yexiang Liu , Zekun Li , Zhi Fang , Nan Xu , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

Neural collapse ($\mathcal{NC}$) is a phenomenon observed in classification tasks where top-layer representations collapse into their class means, which become equinorm, equiangular and aligned with the classifiers. These behaviours --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Robert Wu , Vardan Papyan

We present an empirical study in the geometric task of learning interatomic potentials, which shows equivariance matters even more at larger scales; we show a clear power-law scaling behaviour with respect to data, parameters and compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Khang Ngo , Siamak Ravanbakhsh

We introduce compression laws for language language models (LLMs). While recent scaling laws have sought to understand how LLMs scale with respect to model size, pre-training data, and computational resources, we focus on understanding how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Ayan Sengupta , Siddhant Chaudhary , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly becoming the preferred foundation platforms for many Natural Language Processing tasks such as Machine Translation, owing to their quality often comparable to or better than task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Zhifan Sun , Antonio Valerio Miceli-Barone

Recent works have highlighted optimization difficulties faced by gradient descent in training the first and last layers of transformer-based language models, which are overcome by optimizers such as Adam. These works suggest that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Frederik Kunstner , Francis Bach

Recent large language models have been trained on vast datasets, but also often on repeated data, either intentionally for the purpose of upweighting higher quality data, or unintentionally because data deduplication is not perfect and the…

Recent breakthroughs in large language model-driven autonomous agents have revealed that multi-agent collaboration often surpasses each individual through collective reasoning. Inspired by the neural scaling law--increasing neurons enhances…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Chen Qian , Zihao Xie , YiFei Wang , Wei Liu , Kunlun Zhu , Hanchen Xia , Yufan Dang , Zhuoyun Du , Weize Chen , Cheng Yang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Recent work to enhance data partitioning strategies for more realistic model evaluation face challenges in providing a clear optimal choice. This study addresses these challenges, focusing on morphological segmentation and synthesizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Zoey Liu , Bonnie J. Dorr

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to exhibit emergent abilities in some downstream tasks, where model performance stagnates at first and then improves sharply and unpredictably with scale beyond a threshold. In this work, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Tung-Yu Wu , Pei-Yu Lo

Understanding how language model performance varies with scale is critical to benchmark and algorithm development. Scaling laws are one approach to building this understanding, but the requirement of training models across many different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yangjun Ruan , Chris J. Maddison , Tatsunori Hashimoto

The curse of multilinguality phenomenon is a fundamental problem of multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs), where the competition between massive languages results in inferior performance. It mainly comes from limited capacity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Chong Li , Yingzhuo Deng , Jiajun Zhang , Chengqing Zong

Large language models have achieved remarkable success on final-answer mathematical problems, largely due to the ease of applying reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards. However, the reasoning underlying these solutions is often…

Recent theories suggest that Neural Scaling Laws arise whenever the task is linearly decomposed into power-law distributed units. Alternatively, scaling laws also emerge when data exhibit a hierarchically compositional structure, as is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-13 Francesco Cagnetta , Hyunmo Kang , Matthieu Wyart

The remarkable progress in deep learning in recent years is largely driven by improvements in scale, where bigger models are trained on larger datasets for longer schedules. To predict the benefit of scale empirically, we argue for a more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Ibrahim Alabdulmohsin , Behnam Neyshabur , Xiaohua Zhai

We develop task scaling laws and model ladders to predict the individual task performance of pretrained language models (LMs) in the overtrained setting. Standard power laws for language modeling loss cannot accurately model task…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have benefited enormously from scaling, yet these gains are bounded by five fundamental limitations: (1) hallucination, (2) context compression, (3) reasoning degradation, (4) retrieval fragility, and (5)…

Despite widespread success in language understanding and generation, large language models (LLMs) exhibit unclear and often inconsistent behavior when faced with tasks that require probabilistic reasoning. In this work, we present the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Mobina Pournemat , Keivan Rezaei , Gaurang Sriramanan , Arman Zarei , Jiaxiang Fu , Yang Wang , Hamid Eghbalzadeh , Soheil Feizi

We show that the error of iteratively magnitude-pruned networks empirically follows a scaling law with interpretable coefficients that depend on the architecture and task. We functionally approximate the error of the pruned networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Jonathan S. Rosenfeld , Jonathan Frankle , Michael Carbin , Nir Shavit