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We propose a novel quantum model for the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), in which the visible units remain classical whereas the hidden units are quantized as noninteracting fermions. The free motion of the fermions is parametrically…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-02-15 Ya. S. Lyakhova , E. A. Polyakov , A. N. Rubtsov

Quantum Boltzmann machines (QBMs) are generative models with potential advantages in quantum machine learning, yet their training is fundamentally limited by the barren plateau problem, where gradients vanish exponentially with system size.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Takeshi Kimura , Kohtaro Kato , Masahito Hayashi

The challenge posed by the many-body problem in quantum physics originates from the difficulty of describing the nontrivial correlations encoded in the many-body wave functions with high complexity. Quantum neural network provides a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-01 Yusen Wu , Chunyan Wei , Sujuan Qin , Qiaoyan Wen , Fei Gao

Although several models have been proposed towards assisting machine learning (ML) tasks with quantum computers, a direct comparison of the expressive power and efficiency of classical versus quantum models for datasets originating from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-09 Javier Alcazar , Vicente Leyton-Ortega , Alejandro Perdomo-Ortiz

We introduce theoretically grounded Continuous Semi-Quantum Boltzmann Machines (CSQBMs) that supports continuous-action reinforcement learning. By combining exponential-family priors over visible units with quantum Boltzmann distributions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Thore Gerlach , Michael Schenk , Verena Kain

This study explores the implementation of large Quantum Restricted Boltzmann Machines (QRBMs), a key advancement in Quantum Machine Learning (QML), as generative models on D-Wave's Pegasus quantum hardware to address dataset imbalance in…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Salvatore Sinno , Markus Bertl , Arati Sahoo , Bhavika Bhalgamiya , Thomas Groß , Nicholas Chancellor

In recent years, researchers have been exploring ways to generalize Boltzmann machines (BMs) to quantum systems, leading to the development of variations such as fully-visible and restricted quantum Boltzmann machines (QBMs). Due to the…

Inspired by the success of Boltzmann Machines based on classical Boltzmann distribution, we propose a new machine learning approach based on quantum Boltzmann distribution of a transverse-field Ising Hamiltonian. Due to the non-commutative…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-30 Mohammad H. Amin , Evgeny Andriyash , Jason Rolfe , Bohdan Kulchytskyy , Roger Melko

Quantum Boltzmann machines (QBMs) are machine-learning models for both classical and quantum data. We give an operational definition of QBM learning in terms of the difference in expectation values between the model and target, taking into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-13 Luuk Coopmans , Marcello Benedetti

We consider a special type of Restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), namely a Gaussian-spherical RBM where the visible units have Gaussian priors while the vector of hidden variables is constrained to stay on an ${\mathbbm L}_2$ sphere. The…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-07-17 Aurélien Decelle , Cyril Furtlehner

Due to the linearity of quantum mechanics, it remains a challenge to design quantum generative machine learning models that embed non-linear activations into the evolution of the statevector. However, some of the most successful classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 Kaitlin Gili , Mykolas Sveistrys , Chris Ballance

Many real-world tasks, from associative memory to symbolic reasoning, benefit from discrete, structured representations that standard continuous latent models can struggle to express. We introduce the Gaussian-Multinoulli Restricted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Nikhil Kapasi , Mohamed Elfouly , William Whitehead , Luke Theogarajan

We propose a continuous-variable quantum Boltzmann machine (CVQBM) using a powerful energy-based neural network. It can be realized experimentally on a continuous-variable (CV) photonic quantum computer. We used a CV quantum imaginary time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-13 Shikha Bangar , Leanto Sunny , Kübra Yeter-Aydeniz , George Siopsis

One of the primary applications of classical Boltzmann machines is generative modeling, wherein the goal is to tune the parameters of a model distribution so that it closely approximates a target distribution. Training relies on estimating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-24 Mark M. Wilde

Born-rule generative modeling, a central task in quantum machine learning, seeks to learn probability distributions that can be efficiently sampled by measuring complex quantum states. One hope is for quantum models to efficiently capture…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Mark M. Wilde

This work presents a novel realization approach to Quantum Boltzmann Machines (QBMs). The preparation of the required Gibbs states, as well as the evaluation of the loss function's analytic gradient is based on Variational Quantum Imaginary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-01 Christa Zoufal , Aurélien Lucchi , Stefan Woerner

In this article we provide a method for fully quantum generative training of quantum Boltzmann machines with both visible and hidden units while using quantum relative entropy as an objective. This is significant because prior methods were…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-27 Nathan Wiebe , Leonard Wossnig

Quantum computers are next-generation devices that hold promise to perform calculations beyond the reach of classical computers. A leading method towards achieving this goal is through quantum machine learning, especially quantum generative…

The quantum circuit Born machine (QCBM) is a quantum physics inspired implicit generative model naturally suitable for learning binary images, with a potential advantage of modeling discrete distributions that are hard to simulate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-21 Pengyuan Zhai

We compare and contrast the statistical physics and quantum physics inspired approaches for unsupervised generative modeling of classical data. The two approaches represent probabilities of observed data using energy-based models and…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-08-08 Song Cheng , Jing Chen , Lei Wang
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