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Large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations -- plausible but factually incorrect outputs -- undermining their reliability. While prior work has examined hallucinations from macroscopic perspectives such as training data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Cheng Gao , Huimin Chen , Chaojun Xiao , Zhiyi Chen , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in natural language processing but are prone to memorizing portions of their training data, which can compromise evaluation metrics, raise privacy concerns, and limit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Eduardo Slonski

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit social biases that reinforce harmful stereotypes, limiting their safe deployment. Most existing debiasing methods adopt a suppressive paradigm by modifying parameters, prompts, or neurons associated with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jinhao Pan , Chahat Raj , Anjishnu Mukherjee , Sina Mansouri , Bowen Wei , Shloka Yada , Ziwei Zhu

Language-specific neurons in LLMs that strongly correlate with individual languages have been shown to influence model behavior by deactivating them. However, their role in amplification remains underexplored. This work investigates the…

This paper examines the capacity of LLMs to reason with knowledge graphs using their internal knowledge graph, i.e., the knowledge graph they learned during pre-training. Two research questions are formulated to investigate the accuracy of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Pei-Chi Lo , Yi-Hang Tsai , Ee-Peng Lim , San-Yih Hwang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in handling complex tasks requiring both extensive knowledge and reasoning abilities. However, the existing LLM inference pipeline operates as an opaque process without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Mingyu Jin , Weidi Luo , Sitao Cheng , Xinyi Wang , Wenyue Hua , Ruixiang Tang , William Yang Wang , Yongfeng Zhang

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have rapidly advanced across various domains, yet they still lag behind strong text-only large language models (LLMs) on tasks that require multi-step inference and compositional decision-making.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Chenhang Cui , An Zhang , Yuxin Chen , Gelei Deng , Jingnan Zheng , Zhenkai Liang , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

While current large language models (LLMs) perform well on many knowledge-related tasks, they are limited by relying on their parameters as an implicit storage mechanism. As a result, they struggle with memorizing rare events and with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Ali Modarressi , Abdullatif Köksal , Ayyoob Imani , Mohsen Fayyaz , Hinrich Schütze

Humans shift between different personas depending on social context. Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate a similar flexibility in adopting different personas and behaviors. Existing approaches, however, typically adapt such behavior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ruimeng Ye , Zihan Wang , Zinan Ling , Yang Xiao , Manling Li , Xiaolong Ma , Bo Hui

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable multilingual capabilities, however, how to evaluate cross-lingual alignment remains underexplored. Existing alignment benchmarks primarily focus on sentence embeddings, but prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Chongxuan Huang , Yongshi Ye , Biao Fu , Qifeng Su , Xiaodong Shi

The capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked debate over whether such systems just learn an enormous collection of superficial statistics or a set of more coherent and grounded representations that reflect the real world.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Wes Gurnee , Max Tegmark

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) aim towards robust natural language understanding across diverse languages, yet their performance significantly degrades on low-resource languages. This work explores whether existing techniques to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Soumen Kumar Mondal , Sayambhu Sen , Abhishek Singhania , Preethi Jyothi

Previous works show that Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) can capture factual knowledge. However, some analyses reveal that PLMs fail to perform it robustly, e.g., being sensitive to the changes of prompts when extracting factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Shaobo Li , Xiaoguang Li , Lifeng Shang , Chengjie Sun , Bingquan Liu , Zhenzhou Ji , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Understanding how large language models (LLMs) acquire and store factual knowledge is crucial for enhancing their interpretability and reliability. In this work, we analyze the evolution of factual knowledge representation in the OLMo-7B…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Ahmad Dawar Hakimi , Ali Modarressi , Philipp Wicke , Hinrich Schütze

Despite their remarkable success and deployment across diverse workflows, language models sometimes produce untruthful responses. Our limited understanding of how truthfulness is mechanistically encoded within these models jeopardizes their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Haohang Li , Yupeng Cao , Yangyang Yu , Jordan W. Suchow , Zining Zhu

How do language models retrieve entity-specific facts from their parameters? We investigate this question by searching for sparse, entity-selective MLP neurons - which we call entity cells, by analogy to the "grandmother cell" hypothesis in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Itay Yona , Dan Barzilay , Michael Karasik , Mor Geva

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP) through their extensive parameters and comprehensive data utilization. However, existing LLMs lack a dedicated memory unit, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Ali Modarressi , Ayyoob Imani , Mohsen Fayyaz , Hinrich Schütze

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong multilingual abilities, yet the neural mechanisms behind language-specific processing remain unclear. We analyze language-specific neurons in Llama-3.1-8B, Mistral-Nemo-12B, and Aya-Expanse-8B &…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Daniil Gurgurov , Katharina Trinley , Yusser Al Ghussin , Tanja Baeumel , Josef van Genabith , Simon Ostermann

Previous work has showcased the intriguing capability of large language models (LLMs) in retrieving facts and processing context knowledge. However, only limited research exists on the layer-wise capability of LLMs to encode knowledge,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Tianjie Ju , Weiwei Sun , Wei Du , Xinwei Yuan , Zhaochun Ren , Gongshen Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are composed of neurons that exhibit various behaviors and roles, which become increasingly diversified as models scale. Recent studies have revealed that not all neurons are active across different datasets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Haoyun Xu , Runzhe Zhan , Derek F. Wong , Lidia S. Chao