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The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have emerged as the state-of-the-art paradigm for scaling up large language models (LLMs) without proportionally increased computational cost. However, its on-device deployment faces a critical challenge…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Weikai Xu , Meng Li , Shuzhang Zhong , Tianyang Luo , Dongxue Zhao , Ling Liang , Zongwei Wang , Qianqian Huang , Yimao Cai , Ru Huang

Computing-in-Memory (CIM) macros have gained popularity for deep learning acceleration due to their highly parallel computation and low power consumption. However, limited macro size and ADC precision introduce throughput and accuracy…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Ming-Han Lin , Tian-Sheuan Chang

The von Neumann architecture, in which the memory and the computation units are separated, demands massive data traffic between the memory and the CPU. To reduce data movement, new technologies and computer architectures have been explored.…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Adi Eliahu , Rotem Ben-Hur , Ronny Ronen , Shahar Kvatinsky

In today's data-centric world, where data fuels numerous application domains, with machine learning at the forefront, handling the enormous volume of data efficiently in terms of time and energy presents a formidable challenge. Conventional…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Asif Ali Khan , João Paulo C. De Lima , Hamid Farzaneh , Jeronimo Castrillon

Computing-in-Memory (CiM) architectures aim to reduce costly data transfers by performing arithmetic and logic operations in memory and hence relieve the pressure due to the memory wall. However, determining whether a given workload can…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Di Gao , Dayane Reis , Xiaobo Sharon Hu , Cheng Zhuo

Stochastic computing (SC) offers hardware simplicity but suffers from low throughput, while high-throughput Digital Computing-in-Memory (DCIM) is bottlenecked by costly adder logic for matrix-vector multiplication (MVM). To address this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Kunming Shao , Liang Zhao , Jiangnan Yu , Zhipeng Liao , Xiaomeng Wang , Yi Zou , Tim Kwang-Ting Cheng , Chi-Ying Tsui

DNNs are widely used but face significant computational costs due to matrix multiplications, especially from data movement between the memory and processing units. One promising approach is therefore Processing-in-Memory as it greatly…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Lorenzo Sonnino , Shaswot Shresthamali , Yuan He , Masaaki Kondo

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) play a key role in deep learning applications. However, the large storage overheads and the substantial computation cost of CNNs are problematic in hardware accelerators. Computing-in-memory (CIM)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Syuan-Hao Sie , Jye-Luen Lee , Yi-Ren Chen , Chih-Cheng Lu , Chih-Cheng Hsieh , Meng-Fan Chang , Kea-Tiong Tang

Current Artificial Intelligence (AI) computation systems face challenges, primarily from the memory-wall issue, limiting overall system-level performance, especially for Edge devices with constrained battery budgets, such as smartphones,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Lucas Huijbregts , Liu Hsiao-Hsuan , Paul Detterer , Said Hamdioui , Amirreza Yousefzadeh , Rajendra Bishnoi

The widespread integration of embedded systems across various industries has facilitated seamless connectivity among devices and bolstered computational capabilities. Despite their extensive applications, embedded systems encounter…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Sreenitha Kasarapu , Sathwika Bavikadi , Sai Manoj Pudukotai Dinakarrao

As an emerging type of AI computing accelerator, SRAM Computing-In-Memory (CIM) accelerators feature high energy efficiency and throughput. However, various CIM designs and under-explored mapping strategies impede the full exploration of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jinwu Chen , Yuhui Shi , He Wang , Zhe Jiang , Jun Yang , Xin Si , Zhenhua Zhu

Emerging non-volatile memory (NVM)-based Computing-in-Memory (CiM) architectures show substantial promise in accelerating deep neural networks (DNNs) due to their exceptional energy efficiency. However, NVM devices are prone to device…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Zheyu Yan , Xiaobo Sharon Hu , Yiyu Shi

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a biologically inspired alternative to conventional deep networks, offering event-driven and energy-efficient computation. However, their throughput remains constrained by the serial update of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hongyang Shang , Shuai Dong , Yahan Yang , Junyi Yang , Peng Zhou , Arindam Basu

Processing-in-memory (PIM) is a promising computing paradigm to tackle the "memory wall" challenge. However, PIM system-level benefits over traditional von Neumann architecture can be reduced when the memory array cannot fully store all the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Peilin Chen , Xiaoxuan Yang

Computing-in-Memory (CiM) architectures based on emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) devices have demonstrated great potential for deep neural network (DNN) acceleration thanks to their high energy efficiency. However, NVM devices suffer…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Zheyu Yan , Xiaobo Sharon Hu , Yiyu Shi

Processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures are emerging to reduce data movement in data-intensive applications. These architectures seek to exploit the same physical devices for both information storage and logic, thereby dwarfing the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Orian Leitersdorf , Ronny Ronen , Shahar Kvatinsky

Architectures that incorporate Computing-in-Memory (CiM) using emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) devices have become strong contenders for deep neural network (DNN) acceleration due to their impressive energy efficiency. Yet, a significant…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Zheyu Yan , Xiaobo Sharon Hu , Yiyu Shi

To maximize hardware efficiency and performance accuracy in Compute-In-Memory (CIM)-based neural network accelerators for Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, co-optimizing both software and hardware design parameters is essential.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Olga Krestinskaya , Mohammed E. Fouda , Ahmed Eltawil , Khaled N. Salama

Recently, analog compute-in-memory (CIM) architectures based on emerging analog non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies have been explored for deep neural networks (DNN) to improve energy efficiency. Such architectures, however, leverage…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-07 Zhe Wan , Tianyi Wang , Yiming Zhou , Subramanian S. Iyer , Vwani P. Roychowdhury

Processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures have demonstrated great potential in accelerating numerous deep learning tasks. Particularly, resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices provide a promising hardware substrate to build PIM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Weidong Cao , Yilong Zhao , Adith Boloor , Yinhe Han , Xuan Zhang , Li Jiang