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Word Embeddings are used widely in multiple Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. They are coordinates associated with each word in a dictionary, inferred from statistical properties of these words in a large corpus. In this paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Adam Sutton , Nello Cristianini

Sentence-level representations are necessary for various NLP tasks. Recurrent neural networks have proven to be very effective in learning distributed representations and can be trained efficiently on natural language inference tasks. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-15 Aarne Talman , Anssi Yli-Jyrä , Jörg Tiedemann

We consider the problem of Recognizing Textual Entailment within an Information Retrieval context, where we must simultaneously determine the relevancy as well as degree of entailment for individual pieces of evidence to determine a yes/no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-06-24 Petr Baudis , Silvestr Stanko , Jan Sedivy

Retrieval-Augmented Language Models (RALMs) face significant challenges in reducing factual errors, particularly in document relevance evaluation and knowledge integration. We introduce a framework for structured relevance assessment that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Aryan Raj , Astitva Veer Garg , Anitha D

Language models (LMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in NLP, yet adapting them efficiently and robustly to specific tasks remains challenging. As their scale and complexity grow, fine-tuning LMs on labelled data often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Zhengyan Shi

In recent years, protein-text models have gained significant attention for their potential in protein generation and understanding. Current approaches focus on integrating protein-related knowledge into large language models through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Juntong Wu , Zijing Liu , He Cao , Hao Li , Bin Feng , Zishan Shu , Ke Yu , Li Yuan , Yu Li

NLP has achieved great progress in the past decade through the use of neural models and large labeled datasets. The dependence on abundant data prevents NLP models from being applied to low-resource settings or novel tasks where significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Jiaao Chen , Derek Tam , Colin Raffel , Mohit Bansal , Diyi Yang

In this work, we introduce the Qwen3 Embedding series, a significant advancement over its predecessor, the GTE-Qwen series, in text embedding and reranking capabilities, built upon the Qwen3 foundation models. Leveraging the Qwen3 LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yanzhao Zhang , Mingxin Li , Dingkun Long , Xin Zhang , Huan Lin , Baosong Yang , Pengjun Xie , An Yang , Dayiheng Liu , Junyang Lin , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou

Text classification stands as a cornerstone within the realm of Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly when viewed through computer science and engineering. The past decade has seen deep learning revolutionize text classification,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Marco Siino , Ilenia Tinnirello , Marco La Cascia

Text classification, a core component of task-oriented dialogue systems, attracts continuous research from both the research and industry community, and has resulted in tremendous progress. However, existing method does not consider the use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Yifeng Xie

Word embeddings are substantially successful in capturing semantic relations among words. However, these lexical semantics are difficult to be interpreted. Definition modeling provides a more intuitive way to evaluate embeddings by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Haitong Zhang , Yongping Du , Jiaxin Sun , Qingxiao Li

Traditionally in the domain of legal research, the retrieval of pertinent citations from intricate case descriptions has demanded manual effort and keyword-based search applications that mandate expertise in understanding legal jargon.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Akshat Mohan Dasula , Hrushitha Tigulla , Preethika Bhukya

For high-resource languages like English, text classification is a well-studied task. The performance of modern NLP models easily achieves an accuracy of more than 90% in many standard datasets for text classification in English (Xie et…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Dawei Zhu , Michael A. Hedderich , Fangzhou Zhai , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Dietrich Klakow

Performance of end-to-end neural networks on a given hardware platform is a function of its compute and memory signature, which in-turn, is governed by a wide range of parameters such as topology size, primitives used, framework used,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Raghavendra Bhat , Pravin Chandran , Juby Jose , Viswanath Dibbur , Prakash Sirra Ajith

In this position paper, we argue that the classical evaluation on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks using annotated benchmarks is in trouble. The worst kind of data contamination happens when a Large Language Model (LLM) is trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Oscar Sainz , Jon Ander Campos , Iker García-Ferrero , Julen Etxaniz , Oier Lopez de Lacalle , Eneko Agirre

Embedding models have demonstrated strong performance in tasks like clustering, retrieval, and feature extraction while offering computational advantages over generative models and cross-encoders. Benchmarks such as MTEB have shown that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Zhuohao Li , Wenqing Chen , Jianxing Yu , Zhichao Lu

Text embeddings are an essential building component of several NLP tasks such as retrieval-augmented generation which is crucial for preventing hallucinations in LLMs. Despite the recent release of massively multilingual MTEB (MMTEB),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Kosei Uemura , Miaoran Zhang , David Ifeoluwa Adelani

The impressive progress in NLP techniques has been driven by the development of multi-task benchmarks such as GLUE and SuperGLUE. While these benchmarks focus on tasks for one or two input sentences, there has been exciting work in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 G Thomas Hudson , Noura Al Moubayed

Learned representations of scientific documents can serve as valuable input features for downstream tasks without further fine-tuning. However, existing benchmarks for evaluating these representations fail to capture the diversity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Amanpreet Singh , Mike D'Arcy , Arman Cohan , Doug Downey , Sergey Feldman

Pre-trained word embeddings are the primary method for transfer learning in several Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Recent works have focused on using unsupervised techniques such as language modeling to obtain these embeddings. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Mihir Kale , Aditya Siddhant , Sreyashi Nag , Radhika Parik , Matthias Grabmair , Anthony Tomasic