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While scaling laws have been continuously validated in large language models (LLMs) with increasing model parameters, the inherent tension between the inference demands of LLMs and the limited resources of edge devices poses a critical…

The alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values is critical as these models become increasingly integrated into various societal and decision-making processes. Traditional methods, such as reinforcement learning from human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Prashant Trivedi , Souradip Chakraborty , Avinash Reddy , Vaneet Aggarwal , Amrit Singh Bedi , George K. Atia

Recent advances have shown that optimizing prompts for Large Language Models (LLMs) can significantly improve task performance, yet many optimization techniques rely on heuristics or manual exploration. We present LatentPrompt, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Mateusz Bystroński , Grzegorz Piotrowski , Nitesh V. Chawla , Tomasz Kajdanowicz

Mastering a skill generally relies on both hands-on experience from doers and insightful, high-level guidance by mentors. Will this strategy also work well for solving complex non-convex optimization problems? Here, a common gradient-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Zixian Guo , Ming Liu , Zhilong Ji , Jinfeng Bai , Yiwen Guo , Wangmeng Zuo

Large Language Model (LLM) workloads have distinct prefill and decode phases with different compute and memory requirements which should ideally be accounted for when scheduling input queries across different LLM instances in a cluster.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Kunal Jain , Anjaly Parayil , Ankur Mallick , Esha Choukse , Xiaoting Qin , Jue Zhang , Íñigo Goiri , Rujia Wang , Chetan Bansal , Victor Rühle , Anoop Kulkarni , Steve Kofsky , Saravan Rajmohan

This paper introduces LLM-Streamline, a pioneer work on layer pruning for large language models (LLMs). It is based on the observation that different layers have varying impacts on hidden states, enabling the identification of less…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Xiaodong Chen , Yuxuan Hu , Jing Zhang , Yanling Wang , Cuiping Li , Hong Chen

Effective prompt engineering is critical to realizing the promised productivity gains of large language models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive tasks. Yet, many users struggle to craft prompts that yield high-quality outputs, limiting the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Niklas Gutheil , Valentin Mayer , Leopold Müller , Jörg Rommelt , Niklas Kühl

Modern moderation systems increasingly support multiple languages, but often fail to address localisation and low-resource variants - creating safety gaps in real-world deployments. Small models offer a potential alternative to large LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Leanne Tan , Gabriel Chua , Ziyu Ge , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen great advance in both academia and industry, and their popularity results in numerous open-source frameworks and techniques in accelerating LLM pre-training, fine-tuning, and inference. Training and…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Longteng Zhang , Xiang Liu , Zeyu Li , Xinglin Pan , Peijie Dong , Ruibo Fan , Rui Guo , Xin Wang , Qiong Luo , Shaohuai Shi , Xiaowen Chu

Lightweight language models remain attractive for on-device and privacy-sensitive applications, but their responses are highly sensitive to prompt quality. For open-ended generation, non-expert users often lack the knowledge or time to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yizhou Xu , Janet Davis

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are effective at capturing the semantics of short video content; however, they often fail to attend to the policy-specific details required for reliable content moderation. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Mingchao Liu , Yu Sun , Ruixiao Sun , Xin Dong , Xiang Shen , Hongwei Wang , Hongyu Xiong , Yang Song

This paper introduces an efficient strategy to transform Large Language Models (LLMs) into Multi-Modal Large Language Models (MLLMs). By conceptualizing this transformation as a domain adaptation process, i.e., transitioning from text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Bingchen Zhao , Haoqin Tu , Chen Wei , Jieru Mei , Cihang Xie

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to their popularity across multiple use-cases. However, prompt engineering, the process for optimally utilizing such models, remains approximation-driven and subjective. Most of the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Aashutosh Nema , Samaksh Gulati , Evangelos Giakoumakis , Bipana Thapaliya

With the wide adoption of language models for IR -- and specifically RAG systems -- the latency of the underlying LLM becomes a crucial bottleneck, since the long contexts of retrieved passages lead large prompts and therefore, compute…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Cornelius Kummer , Lena Jurkschat , Michael Färber , Sahar Vahdati

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, with optimizing their input prompts playing a pivotal role in maximizing their performance. However, while LLM prompts consist of both the task-agnostic system prompts and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yumin Choi , Jinheon Baek , Sung Ju Hwang

Prompt engineering, as an efficient and effective way to leverage Large Language Models (LLM), has drawn a lot of attention from the research community. The existing research primarily emphasizes the importance of adapting prompts to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Yuyan Chen , Zhihao Wen , Ge Fan , Zhengyu Chen , Wei Wu , Dayiheng Liu , Zhixu Li , Bang Liu , Yanghua Xiao

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance in long-horizon decision-making tasks through multi-step interaction and reasoning at test time. While practitioners commonly believe a higher task success rate necessitates the use of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yuanzhe Li , Jianing Deng , Jingtong Hu , Tianlong Chen , Song Wang , Huanrui Yang

Given the societal impact of unsafe content generated by large language models (LLMs), ensuring that LLM services comply with safety standards is a crucial concern for LLM service providers. Common content moderation methods are limited by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Jialin Wu , Jiangyi Deng , Shengyuan Pang , Yanjiao Chen , Jiayang Xu , Xinfeng Li , Wenyuan Xu

Deploying large language model (LLM)-driven conversational agents in enterprise settings requires prompts that are simultaneously correct at launch and resilient to the non-deterministic behavioral drift that characterizes production LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Keshava Chaitanya , Jahnavi Gundakaram

LLMssuch as GPT-4 have shown a remarkable ability to solve complex questions by generating step-by-step rationales. Prior works have utilized this capability to improve smaller and cheaper LMs (say, with 7B parameters). However, various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Sohan Patnaik , Milan Aggarwal , Sumit Bhatia , Balaji Krishnamurthy