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Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) has become an essential strategy for adapting them to specialized tasks; however, this process introduces significant privacy challenges, as sensitive training data may be inadvertently memorized and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Hao Du , Shang Liu , Yang Cao

Internet users have been exposing an increasing amount of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) on social media. Such exposed PII can cause severe losses to the users, and informing users of their PII exposure is crucial to raise their…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Yizhi Liu , Fang Yu Lin , Mohammadreza Ebrahimi , Weifeng Li , Hsinchun Chen

In several jurisdictions, the regulatory framework on the release and sharing of personal data is being extended to machine learning (ML). The implicit assumption is that disclosing a trained ML model entails a privacy risk for any personal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Josep Domingo-Ferrer

Recent large-scale natural language processing (NLP) systems use a pre-trained Large Language Model (LLM) on massive and diverse corpora as a headstart. In practice, the pre-trained model is adapted to a wide array of tasks via fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Jimit Majmudar , Christophe Dupuy , Charith Peris , Sami Smaili , Rahul Gupta , Richard Zemel

Training data leakage from Large Language Models (LLMs) raises serious concerns related to privacy, security, and copyright compliance. A central challenge in assessing this risk is distinguishing genuine memorization of training data from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Trishita Tiwari , Ari Trachtenberg , G. Edward Suh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated advanced capabilities in both text generation and comprehension, and their application to data archives might facilitate the privatization of sensitive information about the data subjects. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Stefano Cirillo , Domenico Desiato , Giuseppe Polese , Monica Maria Lucia Sebillo , Giandomenico Solimando

The generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools based on Large Language Models (LLMs) use billions of parameters to extensively analyse large datasets and extract critical private information such as, context, specific details,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Imdad Ullah , Najm Hassan , Sukhpal Singh Gill , Basem Suleiman , Tariq Ahamed Ahanger , Zawar Shah , Junaid Qadir , Salil S. Kanhere

Past work has shown that large language models are susceptible to privacy attacks, where adversaries generate sequences from a trained model and detect which sequences are memorized from the training set. In this work, we show that the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Nikhil Kandpal , Eric Wallace , Colin Raffel

Privacy Masking is a critical concept under data privacy involving anonymization and de-anonymization of personally identifiable information (PII). Privacy masking techniques rely on Named Entity Recognition (NER) approaches under NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Devansh Singh , Sundaraparipurnan Narayanan

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant success in various domain-specific tasks, with their performance often improving substantially after fine-tuning. However, fine-tuning with real-world data introduces privacy risks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Atilla Akkus , Masoud Poorghaffar Aghdam , Mingjie Li , Junjie Chu , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang , Sinem Sav

The interactive nature of Large Language Models (LLMs), which closely track user data and context, has prompted users to share personal and private information in unprecedented ways. Even when users opt out of allowing their data to be used…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 GodsGift Uzor , Hasan Al-Qudah , Ynes Ineza , Abdul Serwadda

AI chatbots have quietly become the world's most popular therapists, coaches, and confidants. Users of cloud-based LLM services are increasingly shifting from simple queries like idea generation and poem writing, to deeply personal…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Max Holschneider , Saetbyeol LeeYouk

Vision Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly integrated into privacy-critical domains, yet existing evaluations of personally identifiable information (PII) leakage largely treat privacy as a static extraction task and ignore how a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 G M Shahariar , Zabir Al Nazi , Md Olid Hasan Bhuiyan , Zhouxing Shi

Large language models (LLMs) often memorize private information during training, raising serious privacy concerns. While machine unlearning has emerged as a promising solution, its true effectiveness against privacy attacks remains unclear.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Xiaoyi Chen , Haoyuan Wang , Siyuan Tang , Sijia Liu , Liya Su , XiaoFeng Wang , Haixu Tang

Collecting personally identifiable information (PII) on data subjects has become big business. Data brokers and data processors are part of a multi-billion-dollar industry that profits from collecting, buying, and selling consumer data. Yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Juniper Lovato , Philip Mueller , Parisa Suchdev , Peter S. Dodds

The latest and most impactful advances in large models stem from their increased size. Unfortunately, this translates into an improved memorization capacity, raising data privacy concerns. Specifically, it has been shown that models can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Krishna Kanth Nakka , Ahmed Frikha , Ricardo Mendes , Xue Jiang , Xuebing Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in privacy pipelines to detect and remedy sensitive data leakage. These solutions often rely on the premise that LLMs can reliably recognize human names, one of the most important…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Dzung Pham , Peter Kairouz , Niloofar Mireshghallah , Eugene Bagdasarian , Chau Minh Pham , Amir Houmansadr

Protecting sensitive information is crucial in today's world of Large Language Models (LLMs) and data-driven services. One common method used to preserve privacy is by using data perturbation techniques to reduce overreaching utility of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Ajinkya Deshmukh , Saumya Banthia , Anantha Sharma

Removing personally identifiable information (PII) from texts is necessary to comply with various data protection regulations and to enable data sharing without compromising privacy. However, recent works show that documents sanitized by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Sebastian Ochs , Ivan Habernal

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in processing and reasoning over diverse modalities, but their advanced abilities also raise significant privacy concerns, particularly regarding Personally…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Boyang Zhang , Istemi Ekin Akkus , Ruichuan Chen , Alice Dethise , Klaus Satzke , Ivica Rimac , Yang Zhang
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