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Effective multi-agent collaboration requires agents to infer the rationale behind others' actions, a capability rooted in Theory-of-Mind (ToM). While recent Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at logical inference, their ability to infer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Fangzhou Liang , Tianshi Zheng , Chunkit Chan , Yauwai Yim , Yangqiu Song

The escalating debate on AI's capabilities warrants developing reliable metrics to assess machine "intelligence". Recently, many anecdotal examples were used to suggest that newer large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and GPT-4 exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Natalie Shapira , Mosh Levy , Seyed Hossein Alavi , Xuhui Zhou , Yejin Choi , Yoav Goldberg , Maarten Sap , Vered Shwartz

Although artificial intelligence (AI) has become deeply integrated into various stages of the research workflow and achieved remarkable advancements, academic rebuttal remains a significant and underexplored challenge. This is because…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Zhitao He , Zongwei Lyu , Yi R Fung

Large language models (LLMs) face persistent challenges when handling long-context tasks, most notably the lost in the middle issue, where information located in the middle of a long input tends to be underutilized. Some existing methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Song Yu , Xiaofei Xu , Ke Deng , Li Li , Lin Tian

Multi-agents has exhibited significant intelligence in real-word simulations with Large language models (LLMs) due to the capabilities of social cognition and knowledge retrieval. However, existing research on agents equipped with effective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yajie Yu , Yue Feng

This article explores the dynamic influence of computational entities based on multi-agent systems theory (SMA) combined with large language models (LLM), which are characterized by their ability to simulate complex human interactions, as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Carlos Jose Xavier Cruz

Humans continuously infer the states, goals, and behaviors of others by perceiving their surroundings in dynamic, real-world social interactions. However, most Theory of Mind (ToM) benchmarks only evaluate static, text-based scenarios,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Xianzhe Fan , Xuhui Zhou , Chuanyang Jin , Kolby Nottingham , Hao Zhu , Maarten Sap

Recent large language models (LLMs) are promising for making decisions in grounded environments. However, LLMs frequently fail in complex decision-making tasks due to the misalignment between the pre-trained knowledge in LLMs and the actual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Siqi Ouyang , Lei Li

Large language models (LLMs) have shown success in handling simple games with imperfect information and enabling multi-agent coordination, but their ability to facilitate practical collaboration against other agents in complex, imperfect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yauwai Yim , Chunkit Chan , Tianyu Shi , Zheye Deng , Wei Fan , Tianshi Zheng , Yangqiu Song

With the success of ChatGPT and other similarly sized SotA LLMs, claims of emergent human like social reasoning capabilities, especially Theory of Mind (ToM), in these models have appeared in the scientific literature. On the one hand those…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Christian Nickel , Laura Schrewe , Lucie Flek

Evaluating the theory of mind (ToM) capabilities of language models (LMs) has recently received a great deal of attention. However, many existing benchmarks rely on synthetic data, which risks misaligning the resulting experiments with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Adil Soubki , John Murzaku , Arash Yousefi Jordehi , Peter Zeng , Magdalena Markowska , Seyed Abolghasem Mirroshandel , Owen Rambow

Recent work on dialogue-based collaborative plan acquisition (CPA) has suggested that Theory of Mind (ToM) modelling can improve missing knowledge prediction in settings with asymmetric skill-sets and knowledge. Although ToM was claimed to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Matteo Bortoletto , Constantin Ruhdorfer , Adnen Abdessaied , Lei Shi , Andreas Bulling

This study explores integrating large language models (LLMs) with situational awareness-based planning (SAP) to enhance the decision-making capabilities of AI agents in dynamic and uncertain environments. We employ a multi-agent reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Liman Wang , Hanyang Zhong

A first step to reach Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities (attribution of beliefs to others) in synthetic agents through sensorimotor interactions, would be to tag sensory data with agent typology and action intentions: autonomous agent X moved…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-23 M. Sánchez-Fibla , C. Moulin-Frier , X. Arsiwalla , P. Verschure

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and knowledge, to oneself and others, and to understand that these mental states can differ from one's own and from reality. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Anirban Mukherjee , Hannah Hanwen Chang

Agent Based Modelling (ABM) is a computational framework for simulating the behaviours and interactions of autonomous agents. As Agent Based Models are usually representative of complex systems, obtaining a likelihood function of the model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-09 D. Townsend

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown great potential in addressing real-world data science problems. LLM-driven data science agents promise to automate the entire machine learning pipeline, yet their real-world effectiveness remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yixin Ou , Yujie Luo , Jingsheng Zheng , Lanning Wei , Zhuoyun Yu , Shuofei Qiao , Jintian Zhang , Da Zheng , Yuren Mao , Yunjun Gao , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

The era of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents a new opportunity for interpretability--agentic interpretability: a multi-turn conversation with an LLM wherein the LLM proactively assists human understanding by developing and leveraging a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Been Kim , John Hewitt , Neel Nanda , Noah Fiedel , Oyvind Tafjord

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language tasks requiring complex reasoning, yet their application in agentic, multi-step reasoning within interactive environments remains a difficult challenge.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Pranav Putta , Edmund Mills , Naman Garg , Sumeet Motwani , Chelsea Finn , Divyansh Garg , Rafael Rafailov

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods struggle with the non-stationarity of multi-agent systems and fail to adaptively learn online when tested with novel agents. Here, we leverage large language models (LLMs) to create an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Logan Cross , Violet Xiang , Agam Bhatia , Daniel LK Yamins , Nick Haber