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Recent advances in large language models have led to specialized models excelling in specific domains, creating a need for efficient model merging techniques. While traditional merging approaches combine parameters into a single static…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Shuqi Liu , Yuxuan Yao , Bowei He , Zehua Liu , Xiongwei Han , Mingxuan Yuan , Han Wu , Linqi Song

Large language models (LLMs) still struggle across tasks outside of high-resource languages. In this work, we investigate cross-lingual transfer to lower-resource languages where task-specific post-training data is scarce. Building on prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Lucas Bandarkar , Nanyun Peng

To achieve high performance of a machine learning (ML) task, a deep learning-based model must implicitly capture the entire distribution from data. Thus, it requires a huge amount of training samples, and data are expected to fully present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Hung Nguyen , Morris Chang

Model merging has emerged as a key technique for enhancing the capabilities and efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs). The open-source community has driven model evolution by iteratively merging existing models, yet a principled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Yedi Hu , Yunzhi Yao , Ningyu Zhang , Huajun Chen , Shumin Deng

Model merging, such as model souping, is the practice of combining different models with the same architecture together without further training. In this work, we present a model merging methodology that addresses the difficulty of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Lucas Bandarkar , Benjamin Muller , Pritish Yuvraj , Rui Hou , Nayan Singhal , Hongjiang Lv , Bing Liu

This paper investigates the linear merging of models in the context of continual learning (CL). Using controlled visual cues in computer vision experiments, we demonstrate that merging largely preserves or enhances shared knowledge, while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Timm Hess , Gido M van de Ven , Tinne Tuytelaars

The "alignment tax" of post-training is typically framed as a drop in task accuracy. We show it also involves a severe loss of calibration, making models overconfident, less reliable, and model outputs less diverse. We show that this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Tiancheng Hu , Benjamin Minixhofer , Nigel Collier

Model merging provides a cost-effective and data-efficient combination of specialized deep neural networks through parameter integration. This technique leverages expert models across downstream tasks without requiring retraining. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Levy Chaves , Eduardo Valle , Sandra Avila

Mixup is a highly successful technique to improve generalization of neural networks by augmenting the training data with combinations of random pairs. Selective mixup is a family of methods that apply mixup to specific pairs, e.g. only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Damien Teney , Jindong Wang , Ehsan Abbasnejad

Model merging has emerged as a promising approach for unifying independently fine-tuned models into an integrated framework, significantly enhancing computational efficiency in multi-task learning. Recently, several SVD-based techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Chanhyuk Lee , Jiho Choi , Chanryeol Lee , Donggyun Kim , Seunghoon Hong

The remarkable success of Large Language Models (LLMs) has ushered natural language processing (NLP) research into a new era. Despite their diverse capabilities, LLMs trained on different corpora exhibit varying strengths and weaknesses,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jinliang Lu , Ziliang Pang , Min Xiao , Yaochen Zhu , Rui Xia , Jiajun Zhang

Model merging integrates multiple task-specific models into a single consolidated one. Recent research has made progress in improving merging performance for in-distribution or multi-task scenarios, but domain generalization in model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Levy Chaves , Chao Zhou , Rebekka Burkholz , Eduardo Valle , Sandra Avila

Averaging the parameters of models that have the same architecture and initialization can provide a means of combining their respective capabilities. In this paper, we take the perspective that this "merging" operation can be seen as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Michael Matena , Colin Raffel

Checkpoint merging is a technique for combining multiple model snapshots into a single superior model, potentially reducing training time for large language models. This paper explores checkpoint merging in the context of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Shi Jie Yu , Sehyun Choi

Mixup is a popular data augmentation technique based on taking convex combinations of pairs of examples and their labels. This simple technique has been shown to substantially improve both the robustness and the generalization of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Linjun Zhang , Zhun Deng , Kenji Kawaguchi , Amirata Ghorbani , James Zou

Model merging has emerged as an effective approach to combine multiple single-task models into a multitask model. This process typically involves computing a weighted average of the model parameters without any additional training. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Lu Li , Tianyu Zhang , Zhiqi Bu , Suyuchen Wang , Huan He , Jie Fu , Yonghui Wu , Jiang Bian , Yong Chen , Yoshua Bengio

Reasoning capabilities represent a critical frontier for large language models (LLMs), but developing them requires extensive proprietary datasets and computational resources. One way to efficiently supplement capabilities with is by model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Guinan Su , Jonas Geiping

Model merging has emerged as a compelling data-free paradigm for multi-task learning, enabling the fusion of multiple fine-tuned models into a single, powerful entity. A key technique in merging methods is sparsification, which prunes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yingfeng Luo , Dingyang Lin , Junxin Wang , Ziqiang Xu , Kaiyan Chang , Tong Zheng , Bei Li , Anxiang Ma , Tong Xiao , Zhengtao Yu , Jingbo Zhu

Meta-learning enables algorithms to quickly learn a newly encountered task with just a few labeled examples by transferring previously learned knowledge. However, the bottleneck of current meta-learning algorithms is the requirement of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Huaxiu Yao , Linjun Zhang , Chelsea Finn

Merging has become a widespread way to cheaply combine individual models into a single model that inherits their capabilities and attains better performance. This popularity has spurred rapid development of many new merging methods, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Derek Tam , Yash Kant , Brian Lester , Igor Gilitschenski , Colin Raffel