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We present an approximate attention mechanism named HyperAttention to address the computational challenges posed by the growing complexity of long contexts used in Large Language Models (LLMs). Recent work suggests that in the worst-case…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Insu Han , Rajesh Jayaram , Amin Karbasi , Vahab Mirrokni , David P. Woodruff , Amir Zandieh

The Transformer architecture has become a cornerstone of modern artificial intelligence, but its core self-attention mechanism suffers from a complexity bottleneck that scales quadratically with sequence length, severely limiting its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Zhongpan Tang

Current Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) architectures face a critical tradeoff between performance and efficiency: decoder-only architectures achieve higher performance but lower efficiency, while cross-attention-based architectures…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Hongliang Li , Jiaxin Zhang , Wenhui Liao , Dezhi Peng , Kai Ding , Lianwen Jin

As modern LLMs support thousands to millions of tokens, KV caches grow to hundreds of gigabytes, stressing memory capacity and bandwidth. Existing solutions, such as KV cache pruning and offloading, alleviate these but underutilize hardware…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mao Lin , Xi Wang , Guilherme Cox , Dong Li , Hyeran Jeon

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable potential in processing long sequences and complex reasoning tasks, yet efficiently serving these models remains challenging due to the quadratic computational complexity of attention in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Shang Yang , Junxian Guo , Haotian Tang , Qinghao Hu , Guangxuan Xiao , Jiaming Tang , Yujun Lin , Zhijian Liu , Yao Lu , Song Han

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in various tasks, such as decision-making, reasoning, and question answering. They have been widely used in edge devices. However, fine-tuning LLMs to specific tasks at the edge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Senkang Hu , Yanan Ma , Yihang Tao , Zhengru Fang , Zihan Fang , Yiqin Deng , Sam Kwong , Yuguang Fang

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on edge devices is crucial for delivering fast responses and ensuring data privacy. However, the limited storage, weight, and power of edge devices make it difficult to deploy LLM-powered applications.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Chunlin Tian , Xinpeng Qin , Kahou Tam , Li Li , Zijian Wang , Yuanzhe Zhao , Minglei Zhang , Chengzhong Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have been a disruptive innovation in recent years, and they play a crucial role in our daily lives due to their ability to understand and generate human-like text. Their capabilities include natural language…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Akrit Mudvari , Yuang Jiang , Leandros Tassiulas

Transformers have emerged as the architecture of choice for many state-of-the-art AI models, showcasing exceptional performance across a wide range of AI applications. However, the memory demands imposed by Transformers limit their ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Hao Liu , Matei Zaharia , Pieter Abbeel

Efficient parallelization of Large Language Models (LLMs) with long sequences is essential but challenging due to their significant computational and memory demands, particularly stemming from communication bottlenecks in attention…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Zongwu Wang , Fangxin Liu , Mingshuai Li , Li Jiang

Transformer is a ubiquitous model for natural language processing and has attracted wide attentions in computer vision. The attention maps are indispensable for a transformer model to encode the dependencies among input tokens. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Yujing Wang , Yaming Yang , Jiangang Bai , Mingliang Zhang , Jing Bai , Jing Yu , Ce Zhang , Gao Huang , Yunhai Tong

LLMs' performance on complex tasks is still unsatisfactory. A key issue is that presently LLMs learn in a data-driven schema, while the instructions about these complex tasks are both scarce and hard to collect or construct. On the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Yang Zhao , Li Du , Xiao Ding , Kai Xiong , Ting Liu , Bing Qin

The proliferation of long-context large language models (LLMs) exposes a key bottleneck: the rapidly expanding key-value cache during decoding, which imposes heavy memory and latency costs. While recent approaches attempt to alleviate this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Gang Lin , Dongfang Li , Zhuoen Chen , Yukun Shi , Xuhui Chen , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Transfer learning on tabular data is challenging due to disparate feature spaces across domains, in contrast to the homogeneous structures of image and text. Large language models (LLMs) offer a knowledge base to improve the limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Ibna Kowsar , Kazi F. Akhter , Manar D. Samad

Transformers have improved the state-of-the-art across numerous tasks in sequence modeling. Besides the quadratic computational and memory complexity w.r.t the sequence length, the self-attention mechanism only processes information at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Yao Zhang , Yunpu Ma , Thomas Seidl , Volker Tresp

In the current landscape of large models, the Transformer stands as a cornerstone, playing a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of modern models. However, its application encounters challenges attributed to the substantial computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-03 Gaoxiang Duan , Junkai Zhang , Xiaoying Zheng , Yongxin Zhu , Victor Chang

Since the advent of ChatGPT, Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled in various tasks but remain as black-box systems. Understanding the reasoning bottlenecks of LLMs has become a critical challenge, as these limitations are deeply tied…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Zifan Zheng , Yezhaohui Wang , Yuxin Huang , Shichao Song , Mingchuan Yang , Bo Tang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with auxiliary tokens has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing model performance. In this work, we introduce a lightweight method termed latent tokens; these are dummy tokens that may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuchang Sun , Yanxi Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Optimizing Large Language Model (LLM) inference in production systems is increasingly difficult due to dynamic workloads, stringent latency/throughput targets, and a rapidly expanding configuration space. This complexity spans not only…

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted due to their remarkable performance across various applications, driving the accelerated development of a large number of diverse models. However, these individual LLMs show limitations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Kaushal Kumar Maurya , KV Aditya Srivatsa , Ekaterina Kochmar