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Related papers: Tokenization is Sensitive to Language Variation

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Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained to support an increasing number of languages, yet their predefined tokenizers remain a bottleneck for adapting models to lower-resource or distinct-script languages. Existing tokenizer transfer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mykola Haltiuk , Aleksander Smywinski-Pohl

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced rapidly but face significant memory demands. While quantization has shown promise for LLMs, current methods typically require lengthy training to alleviate the performance degradation from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Ke Yi , Yuhui Xu , Heng Chang , Chen Tang , Yuan Meng , Tong Zhang , Jia Li

Large language models (LLM) have emerged as a powerful tool for AI, with the key ability of in-context learning (ICL), where they can perform well on unseen tasks based on a brief series of task examples without necessitating any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Zhenmei Shi , Junyi Wei , Zhuoyan Xu , Yingyu Liang

Building effective tokenizers for multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) requires careful control over language-specific data mixtures. While a tokenizer's compression performance critically affects the efficiency of LLM training and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Inho Won , Hangyeol Yoo , Minkyung Cho , Jungyeul Park , Hoyun Song , KyungTae Lim

The relationship between language model tokenization and performance is an open area of research. Here, we investigate how different tokenization schemes impact number agreement in Spanish plurals. We find that morphologically-aligned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Catherine Arnett , Pamela D. Rivière , Tyler A. Chang , Sean Trott

Developers deal with code-change-related tasks daily, e.g., reviewing code. Pre-trained code and code-change-oriented models have been adapted to help developers with such tasks. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Lishui Fan , Jiakun Liu , Zhongxin Liu , David Lo , Xin Xia , Shanping Li

Previous work has considered token overlap, or even similarity of token distributions, as predictors for multilinguality and cross-lingual knowledge transfer in language models. However, these very literal metrics assign large distances to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Katharina Hämmerl , Tomasz Limisiewicz , Jindřich Libovický , Alexander Fraser

Small Language Models (SLMs) offer efficient alternatives to LLMs for specific domains. The 2023 TinyStories study developed an English dataset that allows SLMs with 1 to 10 million parameters to produce coherent outputs. Our research…

Large language models (LLMs) are demonstrably capable of cross-lingual transfer, but can produce inconsistent output when prompted with the same queries written in different languages. To understand how language models are able to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zheng Wei Lim , Alham Fikri Aji , Trevor Cohn

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) has increased concerns about their robustness. Vulnerabilities in perturbations of tokenisation of the input indicate that models trained with a deterministic canonical tokenisation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Sophie Steger , Rui Li , Sofiane Ennadir , Anya Sims , Arno Solin , Franz Pernkopf , Martin Trapp

Purely character-based language models (LMs) have been lagging in quality on large scale datasets, and current state-of-the-art LMs rely on word tokenization. It has been assumed that injecting the prior knowledge of a tokenizer into the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Dokook Choe , Rami Al-Rfou , Mandy Guo , Heeyoung Lee , Noah Constant

Using token representation from bidirectional language models (LMs) such as BERT is still a widely used approach for token-classification tasks. Even though there exist much larger unidirectional LMs such as Llama-2, they are rarely used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Takumi Goto , Hiroyoshi Nagao , Yuta Koreeda

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to data-intensive workflows, from database querying to developer observability. Yet the effectiveness of these systems is constrained by the volume, verbosity, and noise of real-world…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Marcus Emmanuel Barnes , Taher A. Ghaleb , Safwat Hassan

Representing continuous time is a critical and under-explored challenge in modeling temporal event sequences with large language models (LLMs). Various strategies like byte-level representations or calendar tokens have been proposed.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zefang Liu , Nam H. Nguyen , Yinzhu Quan , Shi-Xiong Zhang

Recent advances in natural language processing highlight two key factors for improving reasoning in large language models (LLMs): (i) allocating more test-time compute tends to help on harder problems but often introduces redundancy in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Riccardo Alberghi , Elizaveta Demyanenko , Luca Biggio , Luca Saglietti

It is generally thought that transformer-based large language models benefit from pre-training by learning generic linguistic knowledge that can be focused on a specific task during fine-tuning. However, we propose that much of the benefit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Anna C. Marbut , John W. Chandler , Travis J. Wheeler

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable text classification capabilities, excelling in zero- and few-shot learning (ZSL and FSL) scenarios. However, since they are trained on different datasets, performance varies widely across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco , Debora Nozza , Dirk Hovy

Inertial measurement unit-based online handwriting recognition enables the recognition of input signals collected across different writing surfaces but remains challenged by uneven character distributions and inter-writer variability. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jindong Li , Dario Zanca , Vincent Christlein , Tim Hamann , Jens Barth , Peter Kämpf , Björn Eskofier

Speech tokenizers are essential for connecting speech to large language models (LLMs) in multimodal systems. These tokenizers are expected to preserve both semantic and acoustic information for downstream understanding and generation.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-12 Xuan Shi , Chang Zeng , Tiantian Feng , Shih-Heng Wang , Jianbo Ma , Shrikanth Narayanan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained on Web data that might contain spelling errors made by humans. But do they become robust to similar real-world noise? In this paper, we investigate the effect of real-world spelling mistakes on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Amirhossein Aliakbarzadeh , Lucie Flek , Akbar Karimi