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How can we draw trustworthy scientific conclusions? One criterion is that a study can be replicated by independent teams. While replication is critically important, it is arguably insufficient. If a study is biased for some reason and other…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-06 Yujin Jeong , Dominik Rothenhäusler

We show that quantum oracles provide an advantage over classical oracles for answering classical counterfactual questions in causal models, or equivalently, for identifying unknown causal parameters such as distributions over functional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Ciarán M. Gilligan-Lee , Yìlè Yīng , Jonathan Richens , David Schmid

We study the process of observation (measurement), within the framework of a `perspectival' (`relational', `relative state') version of the modal interpretation of quantum mechanics. We show that if we assume certain features of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gyula Bene , Dennis Dieks

Weak-scale supersymmetry is one of the most favoured theories beyond the Standard Model of particle physics that elegantly solves various theoretical and observational problems in both particle physics and cosmology. In this thesis, I…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2011-11-04 Yashar Akrami

Identifying which correlations among distant observers are possible within our current description of Nature, based on quantum mechanics, is a fundamental problem in Physics. Recently, information concepts have been proposed as the key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-01-16 Rodrigo Gallego , Lars Erik Würflinger , Antonio Acín , Miguel Navascués

Statistical analysis is an important tool to distinguish systematic from chance findings. Current statistical analyses rely on distributional assumptions reflecting the structure of some underlying model, which if not met lead to problems…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-11-15 Orestis Loukas , Ho Ryun Chung

Bosons and fermions are defined by their exchange properties and the underlying symmetries determine the structure of the corresponding state spaces. For two particles there are two possible exchange symmetries, resulting in symmetric or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-19 Sophia Denker , Satoya Imai , Otfried Gühne

We present separability criteria based on local symmetric measurements. These experimental plausible criteria are shown to be more efficient in detecting entanglement than the current counterparts by detailed examples. Furthermore, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Yu Lu , Hao-Fan Wang , Meng Su , Zhi-Xi Wang , Shao-Ming Fei

A two boundary quantum mechanics without time ordered causal structure is advocated as consistent theory. The apparent causal structure of usual "near future" macroscopic phenomena is attributed to a cosmological asymmetry and to rules…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-08 Fritz W. Bopp

Standard approaches to probabilistic reasoning require that one possesses an explicit model of the distribution in question. But, the empirical learning of models of probability distributions from partial observations is a problem for which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Brendan Juba

With recent advances in natural language processing, rationalization becomes an essential self-explaining diagram to disentangle the black box by selecting a subset of input texts to account for the major variation in prediction. Yet,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Wenbo Zhang , Tong Wu , Yunlong Wang , Yong Cai , Hengrui Cai

The frame of classical probability theory can be generalized by enlarging the usual family of random variables in order to encompass nondeterministic ones: this leads to a frame in which two kinds of correlations emerge: the classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. G. Beltrametti , S. Bugajski

The aim of this expos\'e is to make explicit the analogy between the classical notion of non-independent probability distribution and the quantum notion of entangled state. To bring that analogy forth, we consider a classical systems with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Henryk Gzyl

We introduce and explore the notion of "spaces of input histories", a broad family of combinatorial objects which can be used to model input-dependent, dynamical causal order. We motivate our definition with reference to traditional partial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-31 Stefano Gogioso , Nicola Pinzani

The Bell inequality is derived under the assumption of three physical data sets, random or deterministic. The data sets represent a laboratory realization of the three probability based variables used by Bell. For physical data as can be…

General Physics · Physics 2022-03-15 Louis Sica

The construction of a theory of quantum gravity is an outstanding problem that can benefit from better understanding the laws of nature that are expected to hold in regimes currently inaccessible to experiment. Such fundamental laws can be…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-03-17 Friedrich Schöller

Causal inference revealing causal dependencies between variables from empirical data has found applications in multiple sub-fields of scientific research. A quantum perspective of correlations holds the promise of overcoming the limitation…

The letter submitted is an executive summary of our previous paper. To solve the Einstein Podolsky Rosen 'paradox' the two boundary quantum mechanics is taken as self consistent interpretation of quantum dynamics. The difficulty with this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-07 Fritz W. Bopp

Discovering causal relationships from observational data is a challenging task that relies on assumptions connecting statistical quantities to graphical or algebraic causal models. In this work, we focus on widely employed assumptions for…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-20 Jonas Wahl , Urmi Ninad , Jakob Runge

Knowledge about existence, strength, and dominant direction of causal influences is of paramount importance for understanding complex systems. With limited amounts of realistic data, however, current methods for investigating causal links…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2020-10-20 Erik Laminski , Klaus R. Pawelzik