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Automatic coding of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a multi-label text categorization task that involves extracting disease or procedure codes from clinical notes. Despite the application of state-of-the-art natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Chang Lu , Chandan K. Reddy , Ping Wang , Yue Ning

ICD(International Classification of Diseases) coding involves assigning ICD codes to patients visit based on their medical notes. ICD coding is a challenging multilabel text classification problem due to noisy medical document inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Bin Zhang , Junli Wang

Mapping clinical documents to standardised clinical vocabularies is an important task, as it provides structured data for information retrieval and analysis, which is essential to clinical research, hospital administration and improving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Mingyang Li , Viktor Schlegel , Tingting Mu , Warren Del-Pinto , Goran Nenadic

Effective medical text retrieval requires both high accuracy and low latency. While LLM-based embedding models possess powerful retrieval capabilities, their prohibitive latency and high computational cost limit their application in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Angqing Jiang , Jianlyu Chen , Zhe Fang , Yongcan Wang , Xinpeng Li , Keyu Ding , Defu Lian

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple ICD codes to a medical note with average length of 3,000+ tokens. This task is challenging due to a high-dimensional space of multi-label assignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Zhichao Yang , Shufan Wang , Bhanu Pratap Singh Rawat , Avijit Mitra , Hong Yu

Automatically classifying electronic health records (EHRs) into diagnostic codes has been challenging to the NLP community. State-of-the-art methods treated this problem as a multilabel classification problem and proposed various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Chao-Wei Huang , Shang-Chi Tsai , Yun-Nung Chen

International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding procedure which refers to tagging medical notes with diagnosis codes has been shown to be effective and crucial to the billing system in medical sector. Currently, ICD codes are assigned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Biplob Biswas , Thai-Hoang Pham , Ping Zhang

Medical vision-and-language pre-training provides a feasible solution to extract effective vision-and-language representations from medical images and texts. However, few studies have been dedicated to this field to facilitate medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Zhihong Chen , Yuhao Du , Jinpeng Hu , Yang Liu , Guanbin Li , Xiang Wan , Tsung-Hui Chang

Accurate International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is critical for clinical documentation, billing, and healthcare analytics, yet it remains a labour-intensive and error-prone task. Although large language models (LLMs) show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Hong-Jie Dai , Zheng-Hao Li , An-Tai Lu , Bo-Tsz Shain , Ming-Ta Li , Tatheer Hussain Mir , Kuang-Te Wang , Min-I Su , Pei-Kang Liu , Ming-Ju Tsai

International Classification of Diseases(ICD) is an authoritative health care classification system of different diseases and conditions for clinical and management purposes. Considering the complicated and dedicated process to assign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Haoran Shi , Pengtao Xie , Zhiting Hu , Ming Zhang , Eric P. Xing

Medical coding is essential for standardizing clinical data and communication but is often time-consuming and prone to errors. Traditional Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods struggle with automating coding due to the large label…

Medical coding is a complex task, requiring assignment of a subset of over 72,000 ICD codes to a patient's notes. Modern natural language processing approaches to these tasks have been challenged by the length of the input and size of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Jay DeYoung , Han-Chin Shing , Luyang Kong , Christopher Winestock , Chaitanya Shivade

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a set of classification codes for medical records. Automated ICD coding, which assigns unique International Classification of Diseases codes with each medical record, is widely used recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Shi Wang , Daniel Tang , Luchen Zhang , Huilin Li , Ding Han

ICD(International Classification of Diseases) coding involves assigning ICD codes to patients visit based on their medical notes. Considering ICD coding as a multi-label text classification task, researchers have developed sophisticated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Bin Zhang , Junli Wang

Knowledge editing (KE) provides a scalable approach for updating factual knowledge in large language models without full retraining. While previous studies have demonstrated effectiveness in general domains and medical QA tasks, little…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Shengtao Wen , Haodong Chen , Yadong Wang , Zhongying Pan , Xiang Chen , Yu Tian , Bo Qian , Dong Liang , Sheng-Jun Huang

In medical coding, experts map unstructured clinical notes to alphanumeric codes for diagnoses and procedures. We introduce Code Like Humans: a new agentic framework for medical coding with large language models. It implements official…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Andreas Motzfeldt , Joakim Edin , Casper L. Christensen , Christian Hardmeier , Lars Maaløe , Anna Rogers

Healthcare providers usually record detailed notes of the clinical care delivered to each patient for clinical, research, and billing purposes. Due to the unstructured nature of these narratives, providers employ dedicated staff to assign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Chufan Gao , Mononito Goswami , Jieshi Chen , Artur Dubrawski

ICD coding is a process of assigning the International Classification of Disease diagnosis codes to clinical/medical notes documented by health professionals (e.g. clinicians). This process requires significant human resources, and thus is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Thanh Vu , Dat Quoc Nguyen , Anthony Nguyen

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a holistic medical system with millennia of accumulated clinical experience, playing a vital role in global healthcare-particularly across East Asia. However, the implicit reasoning, diverse textual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Shufeng Kong , Xingru Yang , Yuanyuan Wei , Zijie Wang , Hao Tang , Jiuqi Qin , Shuting Lan , Yingheng Wang , Junwen Bai , Zhuangbin Chen , Zibin Zheng , Caihua Liu , Hao Liang

To address the limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding task, where they often produce inaccurate and incomplete prediction results due to the high-dimensional and skewed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Rumeng Li , Xun Wang , Hong Yu