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Text-to-SQL over large analytical databases requires navigating complex schemas, resolving ambiguous queries, and grounding decisions in actual data. Most current systems follow a fixed pipeline where schema elements are retrieved once…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Quang Hieu Pham , Yang He , Ping Nie , Canwen Xu , Davood Rafiei , Yuepeng Wang , Xi Ye , Jocelyn Qiaochu Chen

Text-to-SQL generation bridges the gap between natural language and databases, enabling users to query data without requiring SQL expertise. While large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field, challenges remain in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ganesh Parab , Zishan Ahmad , Dagnachew Birru

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising performance in text-to-SQL, which involves translating natural language questions into SQL queries. However, current text-to-SQL LLMs are computationally expensive and challenging to deploy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Qihuang Zhong , Kunfeng Chen , Liang Ding , Juhua Liu , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

Text-to-SQL converts natural language questions into executable SQL queries, enabling non-technical users to access relational databases for analytics and intelligent data services. In real-world scenarios, performance is often constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Tianhao Qiu , Xiaojun Chen

Despite the significant advancements in Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) facilitated by large language models (LLMs), the latest state-of-the-art techniques are still trapped in the in-context learning of closed-source LLMs (e.g., GPT-4), which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yang Qin , Chao Chen , Zhihang Fu , Ze Chen , Dezhong Peng , Peng Hu , Jieping Ye

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising solution for converting natural language queries into SQL commands, enabling seamless database interaction. However, these Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) systems face inherent limitations,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Prakhar Gurawa , Anjali Dharmik

The previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) method achieved a remarkable execution accuracy on the Spider dataset, which is one of the largest and most diverse datasets in the Text-to-SQL domain. However, during our reproduction of the business…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Guanghu Sui , Zhishuai Li , Ziyue Li , Sun Yang , Jingqing Ruan , Hangyu Mao , Rui Zhao

Translating natural language questions into SQL has become a core challenge in enabling non-technical users to query databases. While recent work has explored large-scale synthetic data generation to improve model performance through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Hasan Alp Caferoğlu , Mehmet Serhat Çelik , Özgür Ulusoy

Large Language Models (LLMs) can translate natural language into SQL, but small models struggle with multi-table and complex queries in Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL) settings. While Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) helps, it falls short for harder…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Simone Papicchio , Simone Rossi , Luca Cagliero , Paolo Papotti

Generating accurate SQL from users' natural language questions (text-to-SQL) remains a long-standing challenge due to the complexities involved in user question understanding, database schema comprehension, and SQL generation. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zijin Hong , Zheng Yuan , Qinggang Zhang , Hao Chen , Junnan Dong , Feiran Huang , Xiao Huang

Text-to-SQL, which translates a natural language question into an SQL query, has advanced with in-context learning of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing methods show little improvement in performance compared to randomly chosen…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Jihyung Lee , Jin-Seop Lee , Jaehoon Lee , YunSeok Choi , Jee-Hyong Lee

Text-to-SQL enables natural access to databases, yet most benchmarks are English-only, limiting multilingual progress. We introduce MultiSpider 2.0, extending Spider 2.0 to eight languages (English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Khanh Trinh Pham , Thu Huong Nguyen , Jun Jo , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Thanh Tam Nguyen

Text-to-SQL, the task of translating natural language questions into SQL queries, has significantly advanced with the introduction of Large Language Models (LLMs), broadening database accessibility for a wide range of users. Despite…

Text-to-SQL, the task of translating natural language questions into SQL queries, plays a crucial role in enabling non-experts to interact with databases. While recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Haoyang Li , Shang Wu , Xiaokang Zhang , Xinmei Huang , Jing Zhang , Fuxin Jiang , Shuai Wang , Tieying Zhang , Jianjun Chen , Rui Shi , Hong Chen , Cuiping Li

Recent In-Context Learning based methods have achieved remarkable success in Text-to-SQL task. However, there is still a large gap between the performance of these models and human performance on datasets with complex database schema and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Wenxuan Xie , Gaochen Wu , Bowen Zhou

Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) has seen significant advancements with large language models (LLMs). However, these models often depend on closed-source systems and high computational resources, posing challenges in data privacy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenqi Pei , Hailing Xu , Hengyuan Zhao , Shizheng Hou , Han Chen , Zining Zhang , Pingyi Luo , Bingsheng He

Generating step-by-step "chain-of-thought" rationales has proven effective for improving the performance of large language models on complex reasoning tasks. However, applying such techniques to structured tasks, such as text-to-SQL,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Mingqian He , Yongliang Shen , Wenqi Zhang , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weiming Lu

Text-to-SQL enables users to interact with databases through natural language, simplifying access to structured data. Although highly capable large language models (LLMs) achieve strong accuracy for complex queries, they incur unnecessary…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Mohammadhossein Malekpour , Nour Shaheen , Foutse Khomh , Amine Mhedhbi

Translating Natural Language Queries into Structured Query Language (Text-to-SQL or NLQ-to-SQL) is a critical task extensively studied by both the natural language processing and database communities, aimed at providing a natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Hasan Alp Caferoğlu , Özgür Ulusoy

Converting natural language questions into SQL queries enables non-expert users to interact with relational databases and has long been a central task for natural language interfaces to data. While the WikiSQL dataset played a key role in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Dzmitry Pihulski , Karol Charchut , Viktoria Novogrodskaia , Jan Kocoń