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The exploration of multimodal language models integrates multiple data types, such as images, text, language, audio, and other heterogeneity. While the latest large language models excel in text-based tasks, they often struggle to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Jiayang Wu , Wensheng Gan , Zefeng Chen , Shicheng Wan , Philip S. Yu

Music scores are used to precisely store music pieces for transmission and preservation. To represent and manipulate these complex objects, various formats have been tailored for different use cases. While music notation follows specific…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Géré Léo , Nicolas Audebert , Florent Jacquemard

In this paper, we explore the tokenized representation of musical scores using the Transformer model to automatically generate musical scores. Thus far, sequence models have yielded fruitful results with note-level (MIDI-equivalent)…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Masahiro Suzuki

The music genre perception expressed through human annotations of artists or albums varies significantly across language-bound cultures. These variations cannot be modeled as mere translations since we also need to account for cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Elena V. Epure , Guillaume Salha , Manuel Moussallam , Romain Hennequin

The milestone improvements brought about by deep representation learning and pre-training techniques have led to large performance gains across downstream NLP, IR and Vision tasks. Multimodal modeling techniques aim to leverage large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Krishna Srinivasan , Karthik Raman , Jiecao Chen , Michael Bendersky , Marc Najork

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs), built on large-scale pre-trained vision towers and language models, have shown great capabilities in multimodal understanding. However, most existing MLLMs are trained on single-turn vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jiazheng Liu , Sipeng Zheng , Börje F. Karlsson , Zongqing Lu

The main challenges of Optical Music Recognition (OMR) come from the nature of written music, its complexity and the difficulty of finding an appropriate data representation. This paper provides a first look at DoReMi, an OMR dataset that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Elona Shatri , György Fazekas

We present a new large-scale emotion-labeled symbolic music dataset consisting of 12k MIDI songs. To create this dataset, we first trained emotion classification models on the GoEmotions dataset, achieving state-of-the-art results with a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-28 Serkan Sulun , Pedro Oliveira , Paula Viana

Large language models (LLMs) excel at modeling relationships between strings in natural language and have shown promise in extending to other symbolic domains like coding or mathematics. However, the extent to which they implicitly model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Andrew Shin , Kunitake Kaneko

In this paper we propose the Music Note Ontology, an ontology for modelling music notes and their realisation. The ontology addresses the relation between a note represented in a symbolic representation system, and its realisation, i.e. a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Andrea Poltronieri , Aldo Gangemi

Commonly music has an obvious hierarchical structure, especially for the singing parts which usually act as the main melody in pop songs. However, most of the current singing annotation datasets only record symbolic information of music…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Xiao Fu , Xin Yuan , Jinglu Hu

Recently, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in multimodal tasks, and multimodal instruction data serves as the foundation for enhancing VLM capabilities. Despite the availability of several open-source…

Towards improving the performance in various music information processing tasks, recent studies exploit different modalities able to capture diverse aspects of music. Such modalities include audio recordings, symbolic music scores,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2019-02-15 Federico Simonetta , Stavros Ntalampiras , Federico Avanzini

Music similarity search is useful for a variety of creative tasks such as replacing one music recording with another recording with a similar "feel", a common task in video editing. For this task, it is typically necessary to define a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-14 Jongpil Lee , Nicholas J. Bryan , Justin Salamon , Zeyu Jin , Juhan Nam

Having access to multi-modal cues (e.g. vision and audio) empowers some cognitive tasks to be done faster compared to learning from a single modality. In this work, we propose to transfer knowledge across heterogeneous modalities, even…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Yanbei Chen , Yongqin Xian , A. Sophia Koepke , Ying Shan , Zeynep Akata

One of the key factors of enabling machine learning models to comprehend and solve real-world tasks is to leverage multimodal data. Unfortunately, annotation of multimodal data is challenging and expensive. Recently, self-supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Elad Amrani , Rami Ben-Ari , Daniel Rotman , Alex Bronstein

We discuss a novel task, Chorus Recognition, which could potentially benefit downstream tasks such as song search and music summarization. Different from the existing tasks such as music summarization or lyrics summarization relying on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Jiaan Wang , Zhixu Li , Binbin Gu , Tingyi Zhang , Qingsheng Liu , Zhigang Chen

We propose Legato, a new end-to-end model for optical music recognition (OMR), a task of converting music score images to machine-readable documents. Legato is the first large-scale pretrained OMR model capable of recognizing full-page or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Guang Yang , Victoria Ebert , Nazif Tamer , Brian Siyuan Zheng , Luiza Pozzobon , Noah A. Smith

Music auto-tagging is essential for organizing and discovering music in extensive digital libraries. While foundation models achieve exceptional performance in this domain, their outputs often lack interpretability, limiting trust and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Andreas Patakis , Vassilis Lyberatos , Spyridon Kantarelis , Edmund Dervakos , Giorgos Stamou

Human perception and experience of music is highly context-dependent. Contextual variability contributes to differences in how we interpret and interact with music, challenging the design of robust models for information retrieval.…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Kleanthis Avramidis , Shanti Stewart , Shrikanth Narayanan