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Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs), hereafter LLM agents, leverage external tools to solve diverse tasks and interface with the real world. However, current training practices largely rely on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Weihua Du , Hailei Gong , Zhan Ling , Kang Liu , Lingfeng Shen , Xuesong Yao , Yufei Xu , Dingyuan Shi , Yiming Yang , Jiecao Chen

We propose a method to fuse frozen text-only large language models (LLMs) with pre-trained image encoder and decoder models, by mapping between their embedding spaces. Our model demonstrates a wide suite of multimodal capabilities: image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Jing Yu Koh , Daniel Fried , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Text-to-image synthesis aims to generate a photo-realistic and semantic consistent image from a specific text description. The images synthesized by off-the-shelf models usually contain limited components compared with the corresponding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Qingrong Cheng , Keyu Wen , Xiaodong Gu

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs) have shown significant progress in mathematical reasoning, yet they still face a critical bottleneck with problems requiring visual assistance, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Chengqi Duan , Kaiyue Sun , Rongyao Fang , Manyuan Zhang , Yan Feng , Ying Luo , Yufang Liu , Ke Wang , Peng Pei , Xunliang Cai , Hongsheng Li , Yi Ma , Xihui Liu

Despite their impressive realism, modern text-to-image models still struggle with compositionality, often failing to render accurate object counts, attributes, and spatial relations. To address this challenge, we present a training-free…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Minsuk Ji , Sanghyeok Lee , Namhyuk Ahn

Large language models (LLMs) with extended context windows enable tasks requiring extensive information integration but are limited by the scarcity of high-quality, diverse datasets for long-context instruction tuning. Existing data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jiaxi Li , Xingxing Zhang , Xun Wang , Xiaolong Huang , Li Dong , Liang Wang , Si-Qing Chen , Wei Lu , Furu Wei

How well can Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) understand composite images? Composite images (CIs) are synthetic visuals created by merging multiple visual elements, such as charts, posters, or screenshots, rather than being captured…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Xiaohui Chen , Satya Narayan Shukla , Mahmoud Azab , Aashu Singh , Qifan Wang , David Yang , ShengYun Peng , Hanchao Yu , Shen Yan , Xuewen Zhang , Baosheng He

Understanding the contents of multimodal documents is essential to accurately extract relevant evidence and use it for reasoning. Existing document understanding models tend to generate answers with a single word or phrase directly,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Jinxu Zhang

Recent large vision-language models (LVLMs) have been applied to diverse VQA tasks. However, achieving practical performance typically requires task-specific fine-tuning with large numbers of image-text pairs, which are costly to collect.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Shojiro Yamabe , Futa Waseda , Daiki Shiono , Tsubasa Takahashi

Multimodal Vision-Language Models (VLMs) enable powerful applications from their fused understanding of images and language, but many perform poorly on UI tasks due to the lack of UI training data. In this paper, we adapt a recipe for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yue Jiang , Eldon Schoop , Amanda Swearngin , Jeffrey Nichols

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated immense capabilities in understanding textual data and are increasingly being adopted to help researchers accelerate scientific discovery through knowledge extraction (information retrieval),…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Robinson Umeike , Neil Getty , Fangfang Xia , Rick Stevens

Recent studies in Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) train RL agents to execute natural-language navigation instructions in photorealistic environments, as a step towards robots that can follow human instructions. However, given the…

Commonsense reasoning often requires both textual and visual knowledge, yet Large Language Models (LLMs) trained solely on text lack visual grounding (e.g., "what color is an emperor penguin's belly?"). Visual Language Models (VLMs) perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Guy Yariv , Idan Schwartz , Yossi Adi , Sagie Benaim

In recent years, the emergence of models capable of generating images from text has attracted considerable interest, offering the possibility of creating realistic images from text descriptions. Yet these advances have also raised concerns…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Mamadou Keita , Wassim Hamidouche , Hassen Bougueffa , Abdenour Hadid , Abdelmalik Taleb-Ahmed

Autonomous driving, particularly navigating complex and unanticipated scenarios, demands sophisticated reasoning and planning capabilities. While Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) offer a promising avenue for this, their use has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Hidehisa Arai , Keita Miwa , Kento Sasaki , Yu Yamaguchi , Kohei Watanabe , Shunsuke Aoki , Issei Yamamoto

Visual program synthesis is a promising approach to exploit the reasoning abilities of large language models for compositional computer vision tasks. Previous work has used few-shot prompting with frozen LLMs to synthesize visual programs.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Zaid Khan , Vijay Kumar BG , Samuel Schulter , Yun Fu , Manmohan Chandraker

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable progress in automated code generation. Yet, LLM-generated code may contain errors in API usage, class, data structure, or missing project-specific information. As much of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Zhangqian Bi , Yao Wan , Zheng Wang , Hongyu Zhang , Batu Guan , Fangxin Lu , Zili Zhang , Yulei Sui , Hai Jin , Xuanhua Shi

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) that think with images can interactively use tools to reason about visual inputs, but current approaches often rely on a narrow set of tools with limited real-world necessity and scalability. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Zirun Guo , Minjie Hong , Feng Zhang , Kai Jia , Tao Jin

Typical methods for text-to-image synthesis seek to design effective generative architecture to model the text-to-image mapping directly. It is fairly arduous due to the cross-modality translation. In this paper we circumvent this problem…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Jiadong Liang , Wenjie Pei , Feng Lu

The remarkable capability of large language models (LLMs) in generating high-quality code has drawn increasing attention in the software testing community. However, existing code LLMs often demonstrate unsatisfactory capabilities in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Yifeng He , Jiabo Huang , Yuyang Rong , Yiwen Guo , Ethan Wang , Hao Chen