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The text-to-SQL problem aims to translate natural language questions into SQL statements to ease the interaction between database systems and end users. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities in a…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Chen Shen , Jin Wang , Sajjadur Rahman , Eser Kandogan

While Text-to-SQL remains the dominant approach for database interaction, real-world analytics increasingly require the flexibility of general-purpose programming languages such as Python or Pandas to manage file-based data and complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Hangle Hu , Chenyu Hou , Bin Cao , Ruizhe Li

Recent advances in LLM-based Text-to-SQL have achieved remarkable gains on public benchmarks such as BIRD and Spider. Yet, these systems struggle to scale in realistic enterprise settings with large, complex schemas, diverse SQL dialects,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Asim Biswal , Chuan Lei , Xiao Qin , Aodong Li , Balakrishnan Narayanaswamy , Tim Kraska

Text-to-SQL aims at generating SQL queries for the given natural language questions and thus helping users to query databases. Prompt learning with large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a recent approach, which designs prompts to lead…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Chunxi Guo , Zhiliang Tian , Jintao Tang , Shasha Li , Zhihua Wen , Kaixuan Wang , Ting Wang

Translating natural language questions into SQL queries, known as text-to-SQL, is a long-standing research problem. Effective text-to-SQL synthesis can become very challenging due to (i) the extensive size of database catalogs (descriptions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Shayan Talaei , Mohammadreza Pourreza , Yu-Chen Chang , Azalia Mirhoseini , Amin Saberi

Text-to-SQL aims to translate natural language queries into SQL statements, which is practical as it enables anyone to easily retrieve the desired information from databases. Recently, many existing approaches tackle this problem with Large…

Text-to-SQL transforms the user queries from natural language to executable SQL programs, enabling non-experts to interact with complex databases. Existing prompt-based methods craft meticulous text guidelines and examples to facilitate SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yongdong chi , Hanqing Wang , Zonghan Yang , Jian Yang , Xiao Yan , Yun Chen , Guanhua Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in translating natural language questions into SQL queries (Text-to-SQL). In contrast, small language models (SLMs) ranging from 0.5B to 1.5B parameters currently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Lei Sheng , Shuai-Shuai Xu

Evaluating text-to-SQL systems remains largely fragile: correctness is typically judged by executing predicted and gold SQL queries on a single static database, even though the same queries may behave differently under alternative database…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Mohammadamin Habibollah , Davood Rafiei

To translate natural language questions into executable database queries, most approaches rely on a fully annotated training set. Annotating a large dataset with queries is difficult as it requires query-language expertise. We reduce this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Irina Saparina , Anton Osokin

The sequence-to-sequence paradigm employed by neural text-to-SQL models typically performs token-level decoding and does not consider generating SQL hierarchically from a grammar. Grammar-based decoding has shown significant improvements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Kevin Lin , Ben Bogin , Mark Neumann , Jonathan Berant , Matt Gardner

Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies have revolutionized the way we interact with information systems, with a significant focus on converting natural language queries into formal query languages such as SQL. However, less emphasis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Luming Lu , Jiyuan An , Yujie Wang , Liner yang , Cunliang Kong , Zhenghao Liu , Shuo Wang , Haozhe Lin , Mingwei Fang , Yaping Huang , Erhong Yang

The Text-to-SQL task translates natural language questions into SQL queries, enabling intuitive database interaction for non-experts. While recent methods leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance, their reliance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shengmin Piao , Jieun Lee , Sanghyun Park

Text-to-SQL systems provide a natural language interface that can enable even laymen to access information stored in databases. However, existing Large Language Models (LLM) struggle with SQL generation from natural instructions due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Fahim Ahmed , Md Mubtasim Ahasan , Jahir Sadik Monon , Muntasir Wahed , M Ashraful Amin , A K M Mahbubur Rahman , Amin Ahsan Ali

In text-to-SQL tasks -- as in much of NLP -- compositional generalization is a major challenge: neural networks struggle with compositional generalization where training and test distributions differ. However, most recent attempts to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Yujian Gan , Xinyun Chen , Qiuping Huang , Matthew Purver

Recent LLM-based Text-to-SQL methods usually suffer from significant performance degradation on "huge" databases and complex user questions that require multi-step reasoning. Moreover, most existing methods neglect the crucial significance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Bing Wang , Changyu Ren , Jian Yang , Xinnian Liang , Jiaqi Bai , LinZheng Chai , Zhao Yan , Qian-Wen Zhang , Di Yin , Xing Sun , Zhoujun Li

In sophisticated existing Text-to-SQL methods exhibit errors in various proportions, including schema-linking errors (incorrect columns, tables, or extra columns), join errors, nested errors, and group-by errors. Consequently, there is a…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Sun Yang , Qiong Su , Zhishuai Li , Ziyue Li , Hangyu Mao , Chenxi Liu , Rui Zhao

Natural language to SQL translation (Text-to-SQL) is one of the long-standing problems that has recently benefited from advances in Large Language Models (LLMs). While most academic Text-to-SQL benchmarks request schema description as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Rajpreet Singh , Novak Boškov , Lawrence Drabeck , Aditya Gudal , Manzoor A. Khan

Natural Language to SQL systems (NL-to-SQL) have recently shown a significant increase in accuracy for natural language to SQL query translation. This improvement is due to the emergence of transformer-based language models, and the…

We present a generative model to map natural language questions into SQL queries. Existing neural network based approaches typically generate a SQL query word-by-word, however, a large portion of the generated results are incorrect or not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Yibo Sun , Duyu Tang , Nan Duan , Jianshu Ji , Guihong Cao , Xiaocheng Feng , Bing Qin , Ting Liu , Ming Zhou