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This study introduces a benchmark framework for evaluating the financial decision-making capabilities of large language models (LLMs) through portfolio optimization problems with mathematically explicit solutions. Unlike existing financial…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-28 Hanyong Cho , Jang Ho Kim

Evaluating text summarization is a challenging problem, and existing evaluation metrics are far from satisfactory. In this study, we explored ChatGPT's ability to perform human-like summarization evaluation using four human evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Mingqi Gao , Jie Ruan , Renliang Sun , Xunjian Yin , Shiping Yang , Xiaojun Wan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in tasks related to reasoning and judgment. However, assessing the quality of arguments requires a rigorous evaluation. We investigate the extent to which LLMs can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Nicolás Benjamín Ocampo , Agnes Paullate Nyiranziza , Davide Ceolin

Do question answering (QA) modeling improvements (e.g., choice of architecture and training procedure) hold consistently across the diverse landscape of QA benchmarks? To study this question, we introduce the notion of concurrence -- two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Nelson F. Liu , Tony Lee , Robin Jia , Percy Liang

Non-Factoid (NF) Question Answering (QA) is challenging to evaluate due to diverse potential answers and no objective criterion. The commonly used automatic evaluation metrics like ROUGE or BERTScore cannot accurately measure semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Sihui Yang , Keping Bi , Wanqing Cui , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in formal theorem proving, yet evaluating semantic correctness remains challenging. Existing evaluations rely on indirect proxies such as lexical overlap with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jongyoon Kim , Hojae Han , Seung-won Hwang

Text summarization has a wide range of applications in many scenarios. The evaluation of the quality of the generated text is a complex problem. A big challenge to language evaluation is that there is a clear divergence between existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Ning Wu , Ming Gong , Linjun Shou , Shining Liang , Daxin Jiang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a common paradigm to use Large Language Models (LLMs) alongside private and up-to-date knowledge bases. In this work, we address the challenges of using LLM-as-a-Judge when evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Sacha Muller , António Loison , Bilel Omrani , Gautier Viaud

Manual evaluation is essential to judge progress on automatic text summarization. However, we conduct a survey on recent summarization system papers that reveals little agreement on how to perform such evaluation studies. We conduct two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Julius Steen , Katja Markert

8 years after the visual question answering (VQA) task was proposed, accuracy remains the primary metric for automatic evaluation. VQA Accuracy has been effective so far in the IID evaluation setting. However, our community is undergoing a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Oscar Mañas , Benno Krojer , Aishwarya Agrawal

Pairwise preferences over model responses are widely collected to evaluate and provide feedback to large language models (LLMs). Given two alternative model responses to the same input, a human or AI annotator selects the "better" response.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Arduin Findeis , Floris Weers , Guoli Yin , Ke Ye , Ruoming Pang , Tom Gunter

The task of Critical Questions Generation (CQs-Gen) aims to foster critical thinking by enabling systems to generate questions that expose underlying assumptions and challenge the validity of argumentative reasoning structures. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Banca Calvo Figueras , Rodrigo Agerri

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive results while requiring little or no direct supervision. Further, there is mounting evidence that LLMs may have potential in information-seeking scenarios. We believe the ability of an LLM…

Vocabulary tests, once a cornerstone of language modeling evaluation, have been largely overlooked in the current landscape of Large Language Models (LLMs) like Llama, Mistral, and GPT. While most LLM evaluation benchmarks focus on specific…

The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in mathematical reasoning has become a cornerstone of related research, demonstrating the intelligence of these models and enabling potential practical applications through their advanced performance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Kathrin Seßler , Yao Rong , Emek Gözlüklü , Enkelejda Kasneci

We explore the use of long-context capabilities in large language models to create synthetic reading comprehension data from entire books. Previous efforts to construct such datasets relied on crowd-sourcing, but the emergence of…

As machine learning models evolve, maintaining transparency demands more human-centric explainable AI techniques. Counterfactual explanations, with roots in human reasoning, identify the minimal input changes needed to obtain a given output…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Marharyta Domnich , Julius Välja , Rasmus Moorits Veski , Giacomo Magnifico , Kadi Tulver , Eduard Barbu , Raul Vicente

Evaluating long document summaries remains the primary bottleneck in summarization research. Existing metrics correlate weakly with human judgments and produce aggregate scores without explaining deficiencies or guiding improvement,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Huyen Nguyen , Haoxuan Zhang , Yang Zhang , Haihua Chen , Junhua Ding

Open-ended question answering (QA) evaluates a model's ability to perform contextualized reasoning beyond factual recall. This challenge is especially acute in practice-based domains, where knowledge is procedural and grounded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Si Chen , Le Huy Khiem , Annalisa Szymanski , Ronald Metoyer , Ting Hua , Nitesh V. Chawla

Human evaluation is the foundation upon which the evaluation of both summarization systems and automatic metrics rests. However, existing human evaluation studies for summarization either exhibit a low inter-annotator agreement or have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Yixin Liu , Alexander R. Fabbri , Pengfei Liu , Yilun Zhao , Linyong Nan , Ruilin Han , Simeng Han , Shafiq Joty , Chien-Sheng Wu , Caiming Xiong , Dragomir Radev