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Quantum computers will require quantum error correction to reach the low error rates necessary for solving problems that surpass the capabilities of conventional computers. One of the dominant errors limiting the performance of quantum…

Leakage to non-computational states is a source of correlated errors in both time and space that limits the effectiveness of quantum error correction (QEC) with superconducting circuits. We present and experimentally demonstrate a…

Leakage, the occupation of any state not used in the computation, is one of the of the most devastating errors in quantum error correction. Transmons, the most common superconducting qubits, are weakly anharmonic multilevel systems, and are…

Minimizing leakage from computational states is a challenge when using many-level systems like superconducting quantum circuits as qubits. We realize and extend the quantum-hardware-efficient, all-microwave leakage reduction unit (LRU) for…

Leakage from the computational subspace is a damaging source of noise that degrades the performance of most qubit types. Unlike other types of noise, leakage cannot be overcome by standard quantum error correction techniques and requires…

Leakage outside of the qubit computational subspace poses a threatening challenge to quantum error correction (QEC). We propose a scheme using two leakage-reduction units (LRUs) that mitigate these issues for a transmon-based surface code,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Francesco Battistel , Boris M. Varbanov , Barbara M. Terhal

High-fidelity quantum operations require the system dynamics to be strictly confined to the computational subspace. In practice, however, control fields inevitably couple to leakage levels, giving rise to quantum state leakage that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Ting Lin , Zi-Hao Qin , Zheng-Yuan Xue , Tao Chen

Quantum computing can become scalable through error correction, but logical error rates only decrease with system size when physical errors are sufficiently uncorrelated. During computation, unused high energy levels of the qubits can…

Superconducting quantum circuits, such as the transmon, have multiple quantum states beyond the computational subspace. These states can be populated during quantum logic operations; residual population in such states is known as leakage.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-29 Frederick W. Strauch

Improving the speed and fidelity of quantum logic gates is essential to reach quantum advantage with future quantum computers. However, fast logic gates lead to increased leakage errors in superconducting quantum processors based on qubits…

We provide a rigorous analysis of fault-tolerant quantum computation in the presence of local leakage faults. We show that one can systematically deal with leakage by using appropriate leakage-reduction units such as quantum teleportation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Panos Aliferis , Barbara M. Terhal

Superconducting Josephson junction qubits constitute the main current technology for many applications, including scalable quantum computers and thermal devices. Theoretical modeling of such systems is usually done within the two-level…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-12 Aravind Plathanam Babu , Jani Tuorila , Tapio Ala-Nissila

Quantum computation will rely on quantum error correction to counteract decoherence. Successfully implementing an error correction protocol requires the fidelity of qubit operations to be well-above error correction thresholds. In…

Rapid and accurate initialization of qubits, reset, is a crucial building block for various tasks in quantum information processing, such as quantum error-correction and estimation of statistics of noisy quantum devices with many qubits. We…

Leakage errors occur when a quantum system leaves the two-level qubit subspace. Reducing these errors is critically important for quantum error correction to be viable. To quantify leakage errors, we use randomized benchmarking in…

Many realizations of solid-state qubits involve couplings to leakage states lying outside the computational subspace, posing a threat to high-fidelity quantum gate operations. Mitigating leakage errors is especially challenging when the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-05 Joydip Ghosh , S. N. Coppersmith , Mark Friesen

The ability to perform fast and accurate rotations between the computational basis states of quantum bits is one of the most fundamental requirements for building a quantum computer. Because physical qubits generally contain more than two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Ben Chiaro , Yaxing Zhang

We describe and analyze leakage errors of singlet-triplet qubits. Even though leakage errors are a natural problem for spin qubits encoded using quantum dot arrays, they have obtained little attention in previous studies. We describe the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-24 Sebastian Mehl , Hendrik Bluhm , David P. DiVincenzo

Decoherence-induced leakage errors can couple a physical or encoded qubit to other levels, thus potentially damaging the qubit. They can therefore be very detrimental in quantum computation and require special attention. Here we present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 L. -A. Wu , M. S. Byrd , D. A. Lidar

Superconducting qubits are a promising platform for building fault-tolerant quantum computers, with recent achievement showing the suppression of logical error with increasing code size. However, leakage into non-computational states, a…

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