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Regarded as the third generation of neural networks, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have garnered significant traction due to their biological plausibility and energy efficiency. Recent advancements in large models necessitate spiking…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Chenlin Zhou , Sihang Guo , Jiaqi Wang , Dongyang Ma , Jin Cheng , Qingyan Meng , Zhengyu Ma , Yonghong Tian

Spiking neural networks are nature's versatile solution to fault-tolerant and energy efficient signal processing. To translate these benefits into hardware, a growing number of neuromorphic spiking neural network processors attempt to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-06 Emre O. Neftci , Hesham Mostafa , Friedemann Zenke

Machine learning with artificial neural networks (ANNs), provides solutions for the growing complexity of modern communication systems. This complexity, however, increases power consumption, making the systems energy-intensive. Spiking…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Eike-Manuel Edelmann

We recently proposed the S4NN algorithm, essentially an adaptation of backpropagation to multilayer spiking neural networks that use simple non-leaky integrate-and-fire neurons and a form of temporal coding known as time-to-first-spike…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh , Maryam Mirsadeghi , Timothée Masquelier

Stochastic neurons are efficient hardware accelerators for solving a large variety of combinatorial optimization problems. "Binary" stochastic neurons (BSN) are those whose states fluctuate randomly between two levels +1 and -1, with the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Rahnuma Rahman , Samiran Ganguly , Supriyo Bandyopadhyay

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are considered as a potential candidate to overcome current challenges such as the high-power consumption encountered by artificial neural networks (ANNs), however there is still a gap between them with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Qiang Yu , Chenxiang Ma , Shiming Song , Gaoyan Zhang , Jianwu Dang , Kay Chen Tan

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer both compelling potential advantages, including energy efficiency and low latencies and challenges including the non-differentiable nature of event spikes. Much of the initial research in this area has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Somayeh Hussaini , Michael Milford , Tobias Fischer

Among the main features of biological intelligence are energy efficiency, capacity for continual adaptation, and risk management via uncertainty quantification. Neuromorphic engineering has been thus far mostly driven by the goal of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Nicolas Skatchkovsky , Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have recently emerged as the low-power alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) because of their sparse, asynchronous, and binary event-driven processing. Due to their energy efficiency, SNNs have a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Youngeun Kim , Joshua Chough , Priyadarshini Panda

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) represent the latest generation of neural computation, offering a brain-inspired alternative to conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Unlike ANNs, which depend on continuous-valued signals, SNNs…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Sales G. Aribe

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired models that enable energy-efficient implementation on neuromorphic hardware. However, the supervised training of SNNs remains a hard problem due to the discontinuity of the spiking neuron…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Unlike traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs), biological neuronal networks solve complex cognitive tasks with sparse neuronal activity, recurrent connections, and local learning rules. These mechanisms serve as design principles in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Matteo Saponati , Chiara De Luca , Giacomo Indiveri , Benjamin Grewe

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have demonstrated outstanding performance in numerous tasks, but deployment in resource-constrained environments remains a challenge due to their high computational and memory requirements. Spiking neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Chang Liu , Jiangrong Shen , Xuming Ran , Mingkun Xu , Qi Xu , Yi Xu , Gang Pan

Neuromorphic hardware implementations of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) promise energy-efficient, low-latency AI through sparse, event-driven computation. Yet, training SNNs under fine temporal discretization remains a major challenge,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Roel Koopman , Sebastian Otte , Sander Bohté

Biologically-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), processing information using discrete-time events known as spikes rather than continuous values, have garnered significant attention due to their hardware-friendly and energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Bin Lei , Sheng Lin , Pei-Hung Lin , Chunhua Liao , Caiwen Ding

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) take inspiration from the brain to enable energy-efficient computations. Since the advent of Transformers, SNNs have struggled to compete with artificial networks on modern sequential tasks, as they inherit…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Matei Ioan Stan , Oliver Rhodes

The surge in interest in Artificial Intelligence (AI) over the past decade has been driven almost exclusively by advances in Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). While ANNs set state-of-the-art performance for many previously intractable…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Peter G. Stratton , Andrew Wabnitz , Chip Essam , Allen Cheung , Tara J. Hamilton

In artificial neural networks trained with gradient descent, the weights used for processing stimuli are also used during backward passes to calculate gradients. For the real brain to approximate gradients, gradient information would have…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-02-04 Jordan Guerguiev , Konrad P. Kording , Blake A. Richards

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) provide an energy-efficient alternative to a variety of artificial neural network (ANN) based AI applications. As the progress in neuromorphic computing with SNNs expands their use in applications, the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Ozan Özdenizci , Robert Legenstein

Benefiting from the event-driven and sparse spiking characteristics of the brain, spiking neural networks (SNNs) are becoming an energy-efficient alternative to artificial neural networks (ANNs). However, the performance gap between SNNs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Man Yao , Guangshe Zhao , Hengyu Zhang , Yifan Hu , Lei Deng , Yonghong Tian , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li