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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable progress in medical question answering (QA), yet their effectiveness remains predominantly limited to English due to imbalanced multilingual training data and scarce medical resources for…

In many classification tasks designed for AI or human to solve, gold labels are typically included within the label space by default, often posed as "which of the following is correct?" This standard setup has traditionally highlighted the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Hanzi Xu , Renze Lou , Jiangshu Du , Vahid Mahzoon , Elmira Talebianaraki , Zhuoan Zhou , Elizabeth Garrison , Slobodan Vucetic , Wenpeng Yin

Large Language Model (LLM) evaluation is currently one of the most important areas of research, with existing benchmarks proving to be insufficient and not completely representative of LLMs' various capabilities. We present a curated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

Large language models (LLMs) are gaining increasing popularity in both academia and industry, owing to their unprecedented performance in various applications. As LLMs continue to play a vital role in both research and daily use, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Yupeng Chang , Xu Wang , Jindong Wang , Yuan Wu , Linyi Yang , Kaijie Zhu , Hao Chen , Xiaoyuan Yi , Cunxiang Wang , Yidong Wang , Wei Ye , Yue Zhang , Yi Chang , Philip S. Yu , Qiang Yang , Xing Xie

Objectives: To evaluate the current limitations of large language models (LLMs) in medical question answering, focusing on the quality of datasets used for their evaluation. Materials and Methods: Widely-used benchmark datasets, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Mahmoud Alwakeel , Aditya Nagori , Vijay Krishnamoorthy , Rishikesan Kamaleswaran

Large Language Model (LLM) based judges form the underpinnings of key safety evaluation processes such as offline benchmarking, automated red-teaming, and online guardrailing. This widespread requirement raises the crucial question: can we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Francisco Eiras , Eliott Zemour , Eric Lin , Vaikkunth Mugunthan

Recently, overconfidence in large language models (LLMs) has garnered considerable attention due to its fundamental importance in quantifying the trustworthiness of LLM generation. However, existing approaches prompt the \textit{black box…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Adil Bahaj , Hamed Rahimi , Mohamed Chetouani , Mounir Ghogho

Current evaluation benchmarks for question answering (QA) in Indic languages often rely on machine translation of existing English datasets. This approach suffers from bias and inaccuracies inherent in machine translation, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Vaishak Narayanan , Prabin Raj KP , Saifudheen Nouphal

Existing LLM-as-a-Judge approaches for evaluating text generation suffer from rating inconsistencies, with low agreement and high rating variance across different evaluator models. We attribute this to subjective evaluation criteria…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yukyung Lee , Joonghoon Kim , Jaehee Kim , Hyowon Cho , Jaewook Kang , Pilsung Kang , Najoung Kim

Natural language generation (NLG) is increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains, yet common intrinsic evaluation methods, such as n-gram overlap or sentence plausibility, weakly correlate with actual decision-making efficacy. We propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Yu-Shiang Huang , Chuan-Ju Wang , Chung-Chi Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer natural language explanations as an alternative to feature attribution methods for model interpretability. However, despite their plausibility, they may not reflect the model's true reasoning faithfully.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Kerem Zaman , Shashank Srivastava

This paper explores the assumption that Large Language Models (LLMs) skilled in generation tasks are equally adept as evaluators. We assess the performance of three LLMs and one open-source LM in Question-Answering (QA) and evaluation tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Juhyun Oh , Eunsu Kim , Inha Cha , Alice Oh

Large language models (LLMs) garner significant attention for their unprecedented performance, leading to an increasing number of researches evaluating LLMs. However, these evaluation benchmarks are limited to assessing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Yu Sun , Keyu Chen , Shujie Wang , Peiji Li , Qipeng Guo , Hang Yan , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang , Dahua Lin

Multi-dimensional evaluation is the dominant paradigm for human evaluation in Natural Language Generation (NLG), i.e., evaluating the generated text from multiple explainable dimensions, such as coherence and fluency. However, automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Ming Zhong , Yang Liu , Da Yin , Yuning Mao , Yizhu Jiao , Pengfei Liu , Chenguang Zhu , Heng Ji , Jiawei Han

Recent deployments of large language models (LLMs) as autonomous trading agents raise questions about whether financial decision-making competence generalizes beyond specific market patterns and how it should be trained and evaluated in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuchen Pan , Soung Chang Liew

Recent studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) exhibit significant biases in evaluation tasks, particularly in preferentially rating and favoring self-generated content. However, the extent to which this bias manifests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yen-Shan Chen , Jing Jin , Peng-Ting Kuo , Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have succeeded remarkably in understanding long-form contents. However, exploring their capability for generating long-form contents, such as reports and articles, has been relatively unexplored and inadequately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Haochen Tan , Zhijiang Guo , Zhan Shi , Lu Xu , Zhili Liu , Yunlong Feng , Xiaoguang Li , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Linqi Song

Evaluating Natural Language Generation (NLG) is crucial for the practical adoption of AI, but has been a longstanding research challenge. While human evaluation is considered the de-facto standard, it is expensive and lacks scalability.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Maria Paz Oliva , Adriana Correia , Ivan Vankov , Viktor Botev

Existing evaluation metrics for natural language generation (NLG) tasks face the challenges on generalization ability and interpretability. Specifically, most of the well-performed metrics are required to train on evaluation datasets of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Pei Ke , Fei Huang , Fei Mi , Yasheng Wang , Qun Liu , Xiaoyan Zhu , Minlie Huang

Automatic evaluation is an integral aspect of dialogue system research. The traditional reference-based NLG metrics are generally found to be unsuitable for dialogue assessment. Consequently, recent studies have suggested various unique,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Chen Zhang , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Yiming Chen , Malu Zhang , Haizhou Li