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The Shapley value is a ubiquitous framework for attribution in machine learning, encompassing feature importance, data valuation, and causal inference. However, its exact computation is generally intractable, necessitating efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Fabian Fumagalli , Landon Butler , Justin Singh Kang , Kannan Ramchandran , R. Teal Witter

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods are widely used to visualize neural network decisions, yet their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. To enhance the understanding of CAM methods and improve their explainability, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Huaiguang Cai

Shapley Values are concepts established for eXplainable AI. They are used to explain black-box predictive models by quantifying the features' contributions to the model's outcomes. Since computing the exact Shapley Values is known to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Davide Napolitano , Luca Cagliero

The debate between self-interpretable models and post-hoc explanations for black-box models is central to Explainable AI (XAI). Self-interpretable models, such as concept-based networks, offer insights by connecting decisions to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Shaobo Wang , Hongxuan Tang , Mingyang Wang , Hongrui Zhang , Xuyang Liu , Weiya Li , Xuming Hu , Linfeng Zhang

Shapley values are widely recognized as a principled method for attributing importance to input features in machine learning. However, the exact computation of Shapley values scales exponentially with the number of features, severely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Majid Mohammadi , Krikamol Muandet , Ilaria Tiddi , Annette Ten Teije , Siu Lun Chau

Explainability in yield prediction helps us fully explore the potential of machine learning models that are already able to achieve high accuracy for a variety of yield prediction scenarios. The data included for the prediction of yields…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Florian Huber , Hannes Engler , Anna Kicherer , Katja Herzog , Reinhard Töpfer , Volker Steinhage

Ensemble-based modifications of the well-known SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method for the local explanation of a black-box model are proposed. The modifications aim to simplify SHAP which is computationally expensive when there is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov

We discuss promising recent contributions on quantifying feature relevance using Shapley values, where we observed some confusion on which probability distribution is the right one for dropped features. We argue that the confusion is based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-28 Dominik Janzing , Lenon Minorics , Patrick Blöbaum

While SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) and other feature attribution methods are commonly employed to explain model predictions, their application within information retrieval (IR), particularly for complex outputs such as ranked lists,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Maria Heuss , Maarten de Rijke , Avishek Anand

Despite their enormous predictive power, machine learning models are often unsuitable for applications in regulated industries such as finance, due to their limited capacity to provide explanations. While model-agnostic frameworks such as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-03 Joshua S. Harvey , Guanchao Feng , Sai Anusha Meesala , Tina Zhao , Dhagash Mehta

With the advancement of technology for artificial intelligence (AI) based solutions and analytics compute engines, machine learning (ML) models are getting more complex day by day. Most of these models are generally used as a black box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 P. Sai Ram Aditya , Mayukha Pal

Contemporary chess engines offer precise yet opaque evaluations, typically expressed as centipawn scores. While effective for decision-making, these outputs obscure the underlying contributions of individual pieces or patterns. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Francesco Spinnato

LLM agents that use external tools can solve complex tasks, but understanding which tools actually contributed to a response remains a blind spot. No existing XAI methods address tool-level explanations. We introduce AgentSHAP, the first…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Miriam Horovicz

Most existing interpretable methods explain a black-box model in a post-hoc manner, which uses simpler models or data analysis techniques to interpret the predictions after the model is learned. However, they (a) may derive contradictory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Mengzhuo Guo , Qingpeng Zhang , Xiuwu Liao , Daniel Dajun Zeng

Surging interest in deep learning from high-stakes domains has precipitated concern over the inscrutable nature of black box neural networks. Explainable AI (XAI) research has led to an abundance of explanation algorithms for these black…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Zachariah Carmichael , Walter J. Scheirer

Score-based explainable machine-learning techniques are often used to understand the logic behind black-box models. However, such explanation techniques are often computationally expensive, which limits their application in time-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Amr Alkhatib , Henrik Boström , Sofiane Ennadir , Ulf Johansson

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) is one of the most promising interpretation methods for machine learning models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Yasunobu Nohara , Toyoshi Inoguchi , Chinatsu Nojiri , Naoki Nakashima

Many important datasets contain samples that are missing one or more feature values. Maintaining the interpretability of machine learning models in the presence of such missing data is challenging. Singly or multiply imputing missing values…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Hayden McTavish , Jon Donnelly , Margo Seltzer , Cynthia Rudin

We present SHAPNN, a novel deep tabular data modeling architecture designed for supervised learning. Our approach leverages Shapley values, a well-established technique for explaining black-box models. Our neural network is trained using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Qisen Cheng , Shuhui Qu , Janghwan Lee

Shapley values are among the most popular tools for explaining predictions of blackbox machine learning models. However, their high computational cost motivates the use of sampling approximations, inducing a considerable degree of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-11 Jeremy Goldwasser , Giles Hooker