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Community Notes (formerly known as Birdwatch) is the first large-scale crowdsourced content moderation initiative that was launched by X (formerly known as Twitter) in January 2021. As the Community Notes model gains momentum across other…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Saeedeh Mohammadi , Narges Chinichian , Hannah Doyal , Kristina Skutilova , Hao Cui , Michele d'Errico , Siobhan Grayson , Taha Yasseri

Misinformation verification increasingly occurs in public, fast-moving, and multilingual online settings, where static benchmarks provide an incomplete measure of model reliability. We introduce CommunityFact, a refreshable benchmark for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Sahajpreet Singh , Insyirah Mujtahid , Min-Yen Kan , Kokil Jaidka

Community-based fact-checking is promising to reduce the spread of misleading posts at scale. However, its effectiveness can be undermined by the delays in fact-check delivery. Notably, user-initiated organic comments often contain…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Shuning Zhang , Linzhi Wang , Dai Shi , Yuwei Chuai , Jingruo Chen , Yunyi Chen , Yifan Wang , Yating Wang , Xin Yi , Hewu Li

Community Notes have emerged as an effective crowd-sourced mechanism for combating online deception on social media platforms. However, its reliance on human contributors limits both the timeliness and scalability. In this work, we study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Jin Ma , Jingwen Yan , Mohammed Aldeen , Ethan Anderson , Taran Kavuru , Jinkyung Katie Park , Feng Luo , Long Cheng

The spread of misinformation through online social media platforms has had substantial societal consequences. As a result, platforms have introduced measures to alert users of news content that may be misleading or contain inaccuracies as a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Hana Habib , Sara Elsharawy , Rifat Rahman

Online social platforms increasingly rely on crowd-sourced systems to label misleading content at scale, but these systems must both aggregate users' evaluations and decide whose evaluations to trust. To address the latter, many platforms…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yeganeh Alimohammadi , Karissa Huang , Christian Borgs , Jennifer Chayes

Massive amounts of misinformation have been observed to spread in uncontrolled fashion across social media. Examples include rumors, hoaxes, fake news, and conspiracy theories. At the same time, several journalistic organizations devote…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2016-03-07 Chengcheng Shao , Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia , Alessandro Flammini , Filippo Menczer

Fact checking by professionals is viewed as a vital defense in the fight against misinformation.While fact checking is important and its impact has been significant, fact checks could have limited visibility and may not reach the intended…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Nicholas Micallef , Bing He , Srijan Kumar , Mustaque Ahamad , Nasir Memon

Warning users about misinformation on social media is not a simple usability task. Soft moderation has to balance between debunking falsehoods and avoiding moderation bias while preserving the social media consumption flow. Platforms thus…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Filipo Sharevski , Amy Devine , Emma Pieroni , Peter Jacnim

The plague of false information, popularly called fake news has affected lives of news consumers ever since the prevalence of social media. Thus understanding the spread of false information in social networks has gained a lot of attention…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Bhavtosh Rath , Wei Gao , Jaideep Srivastava

As civil discourse increasingly takes place online, misinformation and the polarization of news shared in online communities have become ever more relevant concerns with real world harms across our society. Studying online news sharing at…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Galen Weld , Maria Glenski , Tim Althoff

The reporting and the analysis of current events around the globe has expanded from professional, editor-lead journalism all the way to citizen journalism. Nowadays, politicians and other key players enjoy direct access to their audiences…

Although many fact-checking systems have been developed in academia and industry, fake news is still proliferating on social media. These systems mostly focus on fact-checking but usually neglect online users who are the main drivers of the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Nguyen Vo , Kyumin Lee

Misinformation about critical issues such as climate change and vaccine safety is oftentimes amplified on online social and search platforms. The crowdsourcing of content credibility assessment by laypeople has been proposed as one strategy…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Md Momen Bhuiyan , Amy X. Zhang , Connie Moon Sehat , Tanushree Mitra

This study presents the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the efficiency of X's Community Notes, a crowdsourced moderation system for identifying and contextualising potentially misleading content. Drawing on over 1.8 million…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Olesya Razuvayevskaya , Adel Tayebi , Ulrikke Dybdal Sørensen , Kalina Bontcheva , Richard Rogers

The proliferation of misinformation on social media platforms (SMPs) poses a significant danger to public health, social cohesion and ultimately democracy. Previous research has shown how social correction can be an effective way to curb…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Daniel Russo , Shane Peter Kaszefski-Yaschuk , Jacopo Staiano , Marco Guerini

The widespread of false information is a rising concern worldwide with critical social impact, inspiring the emergence of fact-checking organizations to mitigate misinformation dissemination. However, human-driven verification leads to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Vítor Lourenço , Aline Paes

Social media is interactive, and interaction brings misinformation. With the growing amount of user-generated data, fake news on online platforms has become much frequent since the arrival of social networks. Now and then, an event occurs…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Chahat Raj , Priyanka Meel

Political misinformation poses significant challenges to democratic processes, shaping public opinion and trust in media. Manual fact-checking methods face issues of scalability and annotator bias, while machine learning models require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Veronica Chatrath , Marcelo Lotif , Shaina Raza

The recent proliferation of "fake news" has triggered a number of responses, most notably the emergence of several manual fact-checking initiatives. As a result and over time, a large number of fact-checked claims have been accumulated,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Shaden Shaar , Giovanni Da San Martino , Nikolay Babulkov , Preslav Nakov