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Breakthroughs in text-to-music generation models are transforming the creative landscape, equipping musicians with innovative tools for composition and experimentation like never before. However, controlling the generation process to…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Teysir Baoueb , Xiaoyu Bie , Xi Wang , Gaël Richard

Image retouching aims to enhance the visual quality of photos. Considering the different aesthetic preferences of users, the target of retouching is subjective. However, current retouching methods mostly adopt deterministic models, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zheng-Peng Duan , Jiawei zhang , Zheng Lin , Xin Jin , Dongqing Zou , Chunle Guo , Chongyi Li

Diffusion models have become a central paradigm for image and multimodal generation, yet their deployment raises persistent questions about alignment, safety, preference satisfaction, and robustness to misuse. This survey reviews recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Preeti Lamba , Kiran Ravish , Ankita Kushwaha , Pawan Kumar

Text-to-image generation using diffusion models has gained increasing popularity due to their ability to produce high-quality, realistic images based on text prompts. However, efficiently serving these models is challenging due to their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Sohaib Ahmad , Qizheng Yang , Haoliang Wang , Ramesh K. Sitaraman , Hui Guan

Diffusion models have shown remarkable performance in generation problems over various domains including images, videos, text, and audio. A practical bottleneck of diffusion models is their sampling speed, due to the repeated evaluation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Taehong Moon , Moonseok Choi , EungGu Yun , Jongmin Yoon , Gayoung Lee , Jaewoong Cho , Juho Lee

Video diffusion alignment has been heavily relied on scalar rewards. These rewards are typically derived from learned reward models in human preference datasets, requiring additional training and extensive collection. Moreover, scalar…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yifan Wang , Yanyu Li , Gordon Guocheng Qian , Sergey Tulyakov , Yun Fu , Anil Kag

This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of methods for fine-tuning diffusion models to optimize downstream reward functions. While diffusion models are widely known to provide excellent generative modeling capability, practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Masatoshi Uehara , Yulai Zhao , Tommaso Biancalani , Sergey Levine

Reward fine-tuning has become a common approach for aligning pretrained diffusion and flow models with human preferences in text-to-image generation. Among reward-gradient-based methods, Adjoint Matching (AM) provides a principled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jeongwoo Shin , Dongsoo Shin , Yuchen Zhu , Wei Guo , Yongxin Chen , Joonseok Lee , Jaewoong Choi , Jaemoo Choi

While one commonly trains large diffusion models by collecting datasets on target downstream tasks, it is often desired to align and finetune pretrained diffusion models with some reward functions that are either designed by experts or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zhen Liu , Tim Z. Xiao , Weiyang Liu , Yoshua Bengio , Dinghuai Zhang

Text-to-Image (T2I) models have made significant advancements in recent years, but they still struggle to accurately capture intricate details specified in complex compositional prompts. While fine-tuning T2I models with reward objectives…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Luca Eyring , Shyamgopal Karthik , Karsten Roth , Alexey Dosovitskiy , Zeynep Akata

Fine-tuning text-to-image models with reward functions trained on human feedback data has proven effective for aligning model behavior with human intent. However, excessive optimization with such reward models, which serve as mere proxy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Kyuyoung Kim , Jongheon Jeong , Minyong An , Mohammad Ghavamzadeh , Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , Jinwoo Shin , Kimin Lee

We introduce iterative tilting, a gradient-free method for fine-tuning diffusion models toward reward-tilted distributions. The method decomposes a large reward tilt $\exp(\lambda r)$ into $N$ sequential smaller tilts, each admitting a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-04 Jean Pachebat , Giovanni Conforti , Alain Durmus , Yazid Janati

Text-to-image (T2I) generative models have recently emerged as a powerful tool, enabling the creation of photo-realistic images and giving rise to a multitude of applications. However, the effective integration of T2I models into…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Zhicai Wang , Longhui Wei , Tan Wang , Heyu Chen , Yanbin Hao , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He , Qi Tian

Many deep learning tasks require annotations that are too time consuming for human operators, resulting in small dataset sizes. This is especially true for dense regression problems such as crowd counting which requires the location of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Arian Bakhtiarnia , Qi Zhang , Alexandros Iosifidis

Recent advancements in diffusion models have significantly impacted the trajectory of generative machine learning research, with many adopting the strategy of fine-tuning pre-trained models using domain-specific text-to-image datasets.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Mischa Dombrowski , Hadrien Reynaud , Johanna P. Müller , Matthew Baugh , Bernhard Kainz

As a highly expressive generative model, diffusion models have demonstrated exceptional success across various domains, including image generation, natural language processing, and combinatorial optimization. However, as data distributions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Myunsoo Kim , Donghyeon Ki , Seong-Woong Shim , Byung-Jun Lee

Diffusion models have gained prominence in generating high-quality sequences of text. Nevertheless, current approaches predominantly represent discrete text within a continuous diffusion space, which incurs substantial computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Shansan Gong , Mukai Li , Jiangtao Feng , Zhiyong Wu , Lingpeng Kong

Diffusion models have gained attention for image editing yielding impressive results in text-to-image tasks. On the downside, one might notice that generated images of stable diffusion models suffer from deteriorated details. This pitfall…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Joshua Santoso , Christian Simon , Williem

While generative models produce high-quality images of concepts learned from a large-scale database, a user often wishes to synthesize instantiations of their own concepts (for example, their family, pets, or items). Can we teach a model to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Nupur Kumari , Bingliang Zhang , Richard Zhang , Eli Shechtman , Jun-Yan Zhu

Diffusion models excel in generative tasks, but aligning them with specific objectives while maintaining their versatility remains challenging. Existing fine-tuning methods often suffer from reward over-optimization, while approximate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Sunwoo Kim , Minkyu Kim , Dongmin Park