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Large Language Models (LLMs) have been evaluated using diverse question types, e.g., multiple-choice, true/false, and short/long answers. This study answers an unexplored question about the impact of different question types on LLM accuracy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Seok Hwan Song , Mohna Chakraborty , Qi Li , Wallapak Tavanapong

Test-time scaling evaluates reasoning LLMs by sampling multiple outputs per prompt, but ranking models in this regime remains underexplored. We formalize dense benchmark ranking under test-time scaling and introduce Scorio, a library that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mohsen Hariri , Michael Hinczewski , Jing Ma , Vipin Chaudhary

We propose a framework that enables neural models to "think while listening" to everyday sounds, thereby enhancing audio classification performance. Motivated by recent advances in the reasoning capabilities of large language models, we…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Prateek Verma , Mert Pilanci

Reasoning quality in large language models depends not only on producing correct answers but also on generating valid intermediate steps. We study this through multiple-choice question answering (MCQA), which provides a controlled setting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Raphael Schumann , Stefan Riezler

A wide body of evidence shows that human language processing difficulty is predicted by the information-theoretic measure surprisal, a word's negative log probability in context. However, it is still unclear how to best estimate these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Tong Liu , Iza Škrjanec , Vera Demberg

Test-time scaling has emerged as a transformative paradigm for enhancing the performance of large reasoning models, enabling dynamic allocation of computational resources during inference. However, as the landscape of reasoning models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zhangyue Yin , Qiushi Sun , Zhiyuan Zeng , Zhiyuan Yu , Qipeng Guo , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Time series are critical for decision-making in fields like finance and healthcare. Their importance has driven a recent influx of works passing time series into language models, leading to non-trivial forecasting on some datasets. But it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Mike A. Merrill , Mingtian Tan , Vinayak Gupta , Tom Hartvigsen , Tim Althoff

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable text generation capabilities, and recent advances in training paradigms have led to breakthroughs in their reasoning performance. In this work, we investigate how the reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Benjamin Estermann , Roger Wattenhofer

Ambiguous questions are a challenge for Question Answering models, as they require answers that cover multiple interpretations of the original query. To this end, these models are required to generate long-form answers that often combine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Konstantinos Papakostas , Irene Papadopoulou

Large language models excel at reasoning but lack key aspects of introspection, including anticipating their own success and the computation required to achieve it. Humans use real-time introspection to decide how much effort to invest,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Rohin Manvi , Joey Hong , Tim Seyde , Maxime Labonne , Mathias Lechner , Sergey Levine

Large language models have made significant progress in mathematical reasoning, which serves as an important testbed for AI and could impact scientific research if further advanced. By scaling reasoning with reinforcement learning that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Zhihong Shao , Yuxiang Luo , Chengda Lu , Z. Z. Ren , Jiewen Hu , Tian Ye , Zhibin Gou , Shirong Ma , Xiaokang Zhang

While the scaling laws of large language models (LLMs) training have been extensively studied, optimal inference configurations of LLMs remain underexplored. We study inference scaling laws (aka test-time scaling laws) and compute-optimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yangzhen Wu , Zhiqing Sun , Shanda Li , Sean Welleck , Yiming Yang

Prompt engineering and calibration make large language models excel at reasoning tasks, including multiple choice commonsense reasoning. From a practical perspective, we investigate and evaluate these strategies on smaller language models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Chenkai Ma

For deploying foundation models, practitioners increasingly need prescriptive scaling laws: given a pre training compute budget, what downstream accuracy is attainable with contemporary post training practice, and how stable is that mapping…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Hanlin Zhang , Jikai Jin , Vasilis Syrgkanis , Sham Kakade

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) is an important method for improving the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by using additional computation during the inference phase. However, current studies do not systematically analyze how policy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Runze Liu , Junqi Gao , Jian Zhao , Kaiyan Zhang , Xiu Li , Biqing Qi , Wanli Ouyang , Bowen Zhou

Large language models have recently demonstrated significant gains in reasoning ability, often attributed to their capacity to generate longer chains of thought and engage in reflective reasoning. However, the contribution of reflections to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Liwei Kang , Yue Deng , Yao Xiao , Zhanfeng Mo , Wee Sun Lee , Lidong Bing

Recently, with the chain of thought (CoT) prompting, large language models (LLMs), e.g., GPT-3, have shown strong reasoning ability in several natural language processing tasks such as arithmetic, commonsense, and logical reasoning.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yixuan Weng , Minjun Zhu , Fei Xia , Bin Li , Shizhu He , Shengping Liu , Bin Sun , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited an impressive capability to perform reasoning tasks, especially if they are encouraged to generate a sequence of intermediate steps. Reasoning performance can be improved by suitably combining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Soumyasundar Pal , Didier Chételat , Yingxue Zhang , Mark Coates

Recent advancements in improving the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models have underscored the efficacy of Process Reward Models (PRMs) in addressing intermediate errors through structured feedback mechanisms. This study analyzes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zhengyu Chen , Yudong Wang , Teng Xiao , Ruochen Zhou , Xuesheng Yang , Wei Wang , Zhifang Sui , Jingang Wang

While test-time scaling has enabled large language models to solve highly difficult tasks, state-of-the-art results come at exorbitant compute costs. These inefficiencies can be attributed to the miscalibration of post-trained language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Cai Zhou , Zekai Wang , Menghua Wu , Qianyu Julie Zhu , Flora C. Shi , Chenyu Wang , Ashia Wilson , Tommi Jaakkola , Stephen Bates