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The integration of satellite networks into next-generation mobile communication systems has gained considerable momentum with the advent of 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks (5G-NTN). Since established technologies like DVB-S2/RCS2 are already…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Sumit Kumar , Juan Carlos Estrada-Jimenez , Ion Turcanu

This paper overviews the 3GPP 5G NR-NTN standard, detailing the evolution from Rel. 18 to 19 and innovations for Rel. 20. Using realistic ns-3 simulations validated against 3GPP calibration data, we evaluate various satellite network…

While the 5th generation (5G) of mobile networks has landed in the commercial area, the research community is exploring new functionalities for 6th generation (6G) networks, for example non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) via space/air nodes…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Mattia Sandri , Matteo Pagin , Marco Giordani , Michele Zorzi

The quest for ubiquitous mobile coverage has catalyzed two fundamentally distinct architectural paradigms: Direct-to-Cell (D2C) and standardized 3GPP Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN). D2C, pioneered by SpaceX Starlink and AST SpaceMobile,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Donglin Wang , Anjie Qiu , Qiuheng Zhou , Hans D. Schotten

The emerging Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) can aid to provide 5G and beyond services everywhere and anytime. However, the vast emergence of NTN systems will introduce an unseen interference to both the existing satellite systems and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Henrik Martikainen , Mikko Majamaa , Jani Puttonen

The 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) has been engaged in further advancing the evolved universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) and UTRAN based radio access network technologies.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-03-01 Mirza Golam Kibria , Kien Nguyen , Gabriel Porto Villardi , Kentaro Ishizu , Fumihide Kojima

Evolving 5G New Radio (NR) to support non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), particularly satellite communication networks, is under exploration in 3GPP. The movement of the spaceborne platforms in NTNs may result in large timing varying Doppler…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Xingqin Lin , Zhipeng Lin , Stefan Eriksson Löwenmark , Johan Rune , Robert Karlsson

In recent years, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication opens an ample amount of opportunities to increase the safety of drivers and passengers and improve traffic efficiency which enables direct communication between vehicles. The Third…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-27 Donglin Wang , Pranav Balasaheb Mohite , Qiuheng Zhou , Anjie Qiu , Hans D. Schotten

Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) have been standardized by the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) as a key component of future 6G systems to enhance coverage and resilience. In particular, NTN technologies such as low-earth orbit (LEO)…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Donglin Wang , Anjie Qiu , Qiuheng Zhou , Hans D. Schotten

As 5th generation (5G) networks continue to evolve, there is a growing interest toward the integration of Terrestrial Networks (TNs) and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs). Specifically, NTNs leverage space/air base stations such as…

The emergence of Fifth-Generation (5G) communication networks has brought forth unprecedented connectivity with ultra-low latency, high data rates, and pervasive coverage. However, meeting the increasing demands of applications for seamless…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Giovanni Grieco , Giovanni Iacovelli , Mattia Sandri , Marco Giordani , Michele Zorzi , Luigi Alfredo Grieco

The integration of satellite communication into 5G has been formalized in 3GPP Release 17 through the specification of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN), marking a significant step toward achieving global connectivity. However, the early-stage…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Lu Hou , Kan Zheng , Jie Mei , Cheng Huang

Co-existence of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (NTN) is foreseen as an important component to fulfill the global coverage promised for sixth-generation (6G) of cellular networks. Due to ever rising spectrum demand, using dedicated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Niloofar Okati , Andre Noll Barreto , Luis Uzeda Garcia , Jeroen Wigard

Channel models describe how wireless channel parameters behave in a given scenario, and help evaluate link- and system-level performance. A proper channel model should be able to faithfully reproduce the channel parameters obtained in field…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Theodore S. Rappaport , Shu Sun , Mansoor Shafi

The increasing demand for ubiquitous, highcapacity mobile connectivity has driven cellular systems to explore beyond-terrestrial deployments. In this paper, we present a system-level performance evaluation of fifth-generation (5G)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-16 German Svistunov , Matteo Bernabe , David Lopez-Perez

Interest in the integration of Terrestrial Networks (TN) and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN); primarily satellites; has been rekindled due to the potential of NTN to provide ubiquitous coverage. Especially with the peculiar and flexible…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Sumit Kumar , Jorge Querol , Symeon Chatzinotas

5G New Radio (NR) is an emerging radio access technology, which is planned to succeed 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) as global standard of cellular communications in the upcoming years. This paper considers a digital signal processing model…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Grzegorz Cisek , Tomasz P. Zielinski

Due to the rapid technology evolution and standardization activity in the mobile communication networks, there is the need for the research community to be able to develop, test and evaluate new and/or already xisting solutions before…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Katerina Koutlia , Biljana Bojovic , Zoraze Ali , Sandra Lagen

Evaluating cellular systems, from 5G New Radio (NR) and 5G-Advanced to 6G, is challenging because the performance emerges from the tight coupling of propagation, beam management, scheduling, and higher-layer interactions. System-level…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Tanguy Ropitault , Matteo Bordin , Paolo Testolina , Michele Polese , Pedram Johari , Nada Golmie , Tommaso Melodia

Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite, Second Generation and its extension DVBS2X are widely used in modern satellite communications, where synchronization relies on physical layer headers, pilot symbols, and optional superframe structures…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Wahab Khawaja , Nestor J Hernandez Marcano , Rune Hylsberg Jacobsen
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