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Iterative data generation and model retraining are widely used to align large language models (LLMs). It typically involves a policy model to generate on-policy responses and a reward model to guide training data selection. Direct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yao Xiao , Hai Ye , Linyao Chen , Hwee Tou Ng , Lidong Bing , Xiaoli Li , Roy Ka-wei Lee

We study the problem of aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preference data. Contrastive preference optimization has shown promising results in aligning LLMs with available preference data by optimizing the implicit reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Teng Xiao , Yige Yuan , Huaisheng Zhu , Mingxiao Li , Vasant G Honavar

Aligning large language models with human preferences is crucial for their safe deployment. While Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) offers an efficient alternative to reinforcement learning from human feedback, traditional DPO methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Mengyang Li , Zhong Zhang

Mathematical reasoning presents a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs) as it requires ensuring the correctness of each reasoning step. Researchers have been strengthening the mathematical reasoning abilities of LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yunze Lin

Offline preference optimization methods are efficient for large language models (LLMs) alignment. Direct Preference optimization (DPO)-like learning, one of the most popular approaches, stands out for its efficiency in reward modeling.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaobo Wang , Zixia Jia , Jiaqi Li , Qi Liu , Zilong Zheng

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences has become essential for safe and beneficial AI deployment. While Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) established the dominant paradigm, a proliferation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tarun Raheja , Nilay Pochhi

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has recently emerged as a simple and effective alternative to reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) for aligning large language models (LLMs) with user preferences. However, existing DPO…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jason Bohne , Pawel Polak , David Rosenberg , Brian Bloniarz , Gary Kazantsev

In the realm of large language models (LLMs), the ability of models to accurately follow instructions is paramount as more agents and applications leverage LLMs for construction, where the complexity of instructions are rapidly increasing.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Xinghua Zhang , Haiyang Yu , Cheng Fu , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has been widely adopted for preference alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, DPO is derived as a bandit problem in which the whole response is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Aiwei Liu , Haoping Bai , Zhiyun Lu , Yanchao Sun , Xiang Kong , Simon Wang , Jiulong Shan , Albin Madappally Jose , Xiaojiang Liu , Lijie Wen , Philip S. Yu , Meng Cao

Language model alignment is crucial for ensuring that large language models (LLMs) align with human preferences, yet it often involves sensitive user data, raising significant privacy concerns. While prior work has integrated differential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Keyu Chen , Hao Tang , Qinglin Liu , Yizhao Xu

Aviation training is a core link in ensuring flight safety, improving industry efficiency and promoting sustainable development. It not only involves flight simulation but also requires the learning of a great deal of professional aviation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Jia'ang Wan , Feng Shen , Fujuan Li , Yanjin Sun , Yan Li , Shiwen Zhang

Our goal is to enable large language models (LLMs) to balance multiple human preference dimensions; such as helpfulness, safety, and verbosity, through principled and controllable alignment. Existing preference optimization methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mete Erdogan

Preference learning is a key technology for aligning language models with human values. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is a model-based algorithm to optimize preference learning, which first fits a reward model for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Zaifan Jiang , Xing Huang , Chao Wei

The recent success in using human preferences to align large language models (LLMs) has significantly improved their performance in various downstream tasks, such as question answering, mathematical reasoning, and code generation. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Xiaoqiang Lin , Arun Verma , Zhongxiang Dai , Daniela Rus , See-Kiong Ng , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Preference optimization has become a central paradigm for aligning large language models with human feedback. Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) simplifies reinforcement learning from human feedback by directly optimizing pairwise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Inoussa Mouiche

Despite significant advances in long-context reasoning by large language models (LLMs), primarily through Online Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods, these approaches incur substantial computational costs and complexity. In contrast,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Xiaoyu Tian , Sitong Zhao , Haotian Wang , Shuaiting Chen , Yiping Peng , Yunjie Ji , Han Zhao , Xiangang Li

Direct preference optimization (DPO) has shown success in aligning diffusion models with human preference. Previous approaches typically assume a consistent preference label between final generations and noisy samples at intermediate steps,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Jie Ren , Yuhang Zhang , Dongrui Liu , Xiaopeng Zhang , Qi Tian

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) aligns Large Language Models with human preferences without the need for a separate reward model. However, DPO treats all tokens in responses equally, neglecting the differing importance of individual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Chengyu Huang , Zhuohang Li , Sheng-Yen Chou , Claire Cardie

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) raises significant ethical and safety concerns. While LLM alignment techniques are adopted to improve model safety and trustworthiness, adversaries can exploit these techniques to undermine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Rui Zhang , Hongwei Li , Yun Shen , Xinyue Shen , Wenbo Jiang , Guowen Xu , Yang Liu , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

Recent advancements in post-training methodologies for large language models (LLMs) have highlighted reinforcement learning (RL) as a critical component for enhancing reasoning. However, the substantial computational costs associated with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Songjun Tu , Jiahao Lin , Xiangyu Tian , Qichao Zhang , Linjing Li , Yuqian Fu , Nan Xu , Wei He , Xiangyuan Lan , Dongmei Jiang , Dongbin Zhao