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Cellular automata and their differentiable counterparts, Neural Cellular Automata (NCA), are highly expressive and capable of surprisingly complex behaviors. This paper explores how NCAs perform when applied to tasks requiring precise…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Kevin Xu , Risto Miikkulainen

We conduct a brief survey on Wolfram's classification, in particular related to the computing capabilities of Cellular Automata (CA) in Wolfram's classes III and IV. We formulate and shed light on the question of whether Class III systems…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2012-08-31 Genaro J. Martinez , J. C. Seck-Tuoh-Mora , Hector Zenil

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a low-power, non-von-Neumann, general-purpose paradigm for classical computing using transistor-free logic. An elementary QCA device called a "cell" is made from a system of coupled quantum dots with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 Enrique P. Blair

In this paper we present a single-soliton two-component cellular automata (CA) model of waves as mobile self-localizations, also known as: particles, waves, or gliders; and its version with memory. The model is based on coding sets of…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2013-01-29 Genaro J. Martinez , Andrew Adamatzky , Fangyue Chen , Leon Chua

This paper presents a rotation-invariant embedded platform for simulating (neural) cellular automata (NCA) in modular robotic systems. Inspired by previous work on physical NCA, we introduce key innovations that overcome limitations in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Dominik Woiwode , Jakob Marten , Bodo Rosenhahn

We develop a rather elaborate computer program to investigate the jointly periodic points of one-dimensional cellular automata. The experimental results and mathematical context lead to questions, conjectures and a contextual theorem.

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Mike Boyle , Bryant Lee

Emergent processes in complex systems such as cellular automata can perform computations of increasing complexity, and could possibly lead to artificial evolution. Such a feat would require scaling up current simulation sizes to allow for…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2021-04-05 Hugo Cisneros , Josef Sivic , Tomas Mikolov

Cyclic cellular automata (CCA) are models of excitable media. Started from random initial conditions, they produce several different kinds of spatial structure, depending on their control parameters. We introduce new tools from information…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2007-05-23 Cosma Rohilla Shalizi , Kristina Lisa Shalizi

Computing the configuration of any one-dimensional cellular automaton at generation $n$ can be accelerated by constructing and running a composite rule with a radius proportional to $\log n$. The new automaton is the original one, but with…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Joseph Natal , Oleksiy Al-saadi

Cellular automata have long been celebrated for their ability to generate complex behaviors from simple, local rules, with well-known discrete models like Conway's Game of Life proven capable of universal computation. Recent advancements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Gabriel Béna , Maxence Faldor , Dan F. M. Goodman , Antoine Cully

This paper examines the claim that cellular automata (CA) belonging to Class III (in Wolfram's classification) are capable of (Turing universal) computation. We explore some chaotic CA (believed to belong to Class III) reported over the…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2013-04-05 Genaro J. Martinez , Juan C. Seck-Tuoh-Mora , Hector Zenil

Cellular automata (CAs) are notable computational models exhibiting rich dynamics emerging from the local interaction of cells arranged in a regular lattice. Graph CAs (GCAs) generalise standard CAs by allowing for arbitrary graphs rather…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Gennaro Gala , Daniele Grattarola , Erik Quaeghebeur

Cellular automata are a famous model of computation, yet it is still a challenging task to assess the computational capacity of a given automaton; especially when it comes to showing negative results. In this paper, we focus on studying…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Barbora Hudcová , Jakub Krásenský

We study the classification of cellular-automaton update rules into Wolfram's four classes. We start with the notion of the input entropy of a spatiotemporal block in the evolution of a cellular automaton, and build on it by introducing two…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2009-09-29 V. C. Barbosa , F. M. N. Miranda , M. C. M. Agostini

Let us consider the simplest model of one-dimensional probabilistic cellular automata (PCA). The cells are indexed by the integers, the alphabet is {0, 1}, and all the cells evolve synchronously. The new content of a cell is randomly…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-07-26 Jean Mairesse , Irene Marcovici

If a cellular automaton (CA) is started with a single ON cell, how many cells will be ON after n generations? For certain "odd-rule" CAs, including Rule 150, Rule 614, and Fredkin's Replicator, the answer can be found by using the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-05 N. J. A. Sloane

In this paper we consider the identification problem of Cellular Automata (CAs). The problem is defined and solved in the context of partial observations with time gaps of unknown length, i.e. pre-recorded, partial configurations of the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-08-25 Witold Bołt , Jan M. Baetens , Bernard De Baets

Any algorithm (in the sense of Gurevich's abstract-state-machine axiomatization of classical algorithms) operating over any arbitrary unordered domain can be simulated by a dynamic cellular automaton, that is, by a pattern-directed cellular…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-04-14 Nachum Dershowitz , Evgenia Falkovich

Linear quantum cellular automata were introduced recently as one of the models of quantum computing. A basic postulate of quantum mechanics imposes a strong constraint on any quantum machine: it has to be unitary, that is its time evolution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 Christoph Durr , Miklos Santha

We investigate the ability of a genetic algorithm to design cellular automata that perform computations. The computational strategies of the resulting cellular automata can be understood using a framework in which ``particles'' embedded in…

adap-org · Physics 2015-06-30 James P. Crutchfield , Melanie Mitchell , Rajarshi Das