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Training task-oriented dialogue systems is both costly and time-consuming, due to the need for high-quality datasets encompassing diverse intents. Traditional methods depend on extensive human annotation, while recent advancements leverage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Maya Medjad , Hugo Imbert , Bruno Yun , Raphaël Szymocha , Frédéric Armetta

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems aim to efficiently handle task-oriented conversations, including information collection. How to utilize TOD accurately, efficiently and effectively for information collection has always been a critical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ming Zhang , Caishuang Huang , Yilong Wu , Shichun Liu , Huiyuan Zheng , Yurui Dong , Yujiong Shen , Shihan Dou , Jun Zhao , Junjie Ye , Qi Zhang , Tao Gui , Xuanjing Huang

End-to-end Task-Oriented Dialog (TOD) systems typically require extensive training datasets to perform well. In contrast, large language model (LLM) based TOD systems can excel even with limited data due to their ability to learn tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Vishal Vivek Saley , Rocktim Jyoti Das , Dinesh Raghu , Mausam

One of the major impediments to the development of new task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems is the need for human evaluation at multiple stages and iterations of the development process. In an effort to move toward automated evaluation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Sam Davidson , Salvatore Romeo , Raphael Shu , James Gung , Arshit Gupta , Saab Mansour , Yi Zhang

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems are mainly based on the slot-filling-based TOD (SF-TOD) framework, in which dialogues are broken down into smaller, controllable units (i.e., slots) to fulfill a specific task. A series of approaches…

An important unexplored aspect in previous work on user satisfaction estimation for Task-Oriented Dialogue (TOD) systems is their evaluation in terms of robustness for the identification of user dissatisfaction: current benchmarks for user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Amin Abolghasemi , Zhaochun Ren , Arian Askari , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Maarten de Rijke , Suzan Verberne

Task oriented dialogue systems (TOD) complete particular tasks based on user preferences across natural language interactions. Considering the impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Arezoo Saedi , Afsaneh Fatemi , Mohammad Ali Nematbakhsh , Sophie Rosset , Anne Vilnat

Recent advances in task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems, driven by large language models (LLMs) with extensive API and tool integration, have enabled conversational agents to coordinate interleaved goals, maintain long-horizon context, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yifei Zhang , Hooshang Nayyeri , Rinat Khaziev , Emine Yilmaz , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Hari Thadakamalla

End-to-end task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems have achieved promising performance by leveraging sophisticated natural language understanding and natural language generation capabilities of pre-trained models. This work enables the TOD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Jianguo Zhang , Stephen Roller , Kun Qian , Zhiwei Liu , Rui Meng , Shelby Heinecke , Huan Wang , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong

Textual data annotation, the process of labeling or tagging text with relevant information, is typically costly, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their potential as direct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yu-Min Tseng , Wei-Lin Chen , Chung-Chi Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Dialogue systems and large language models (LLMs) have gained considerable attention. However, the direct utilization of LLMs as task-oriented dialogue (TOD) models has been found to underperform compared to smaller task-specific models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Zhiyuan Hu , Yue Feng , Anh Tuan Luu , Bryan Hooi , Aldo Lipani

Task-oriented dialogue (ToD) systems are designed to help users achieve specific goals through natural language interaction. While recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved linguistic fluency and contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Shutong Feng , Hsien-chin Lin , Nurul Lubis , Carel van Niekerk , Michael Heck , Benjamin Ruppik , Renato Vukovic , Milica Gašić

Existing end-to-end modeling methods for modular task-oriented dialog systems are typically tailored to specific datasets, making it challenging to adapt to new dialog scenarios. In this work, we propose ESAinsTOD, a unified End-to-end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Dechuan Teng , Chunlin Lu , Libo Qin , Wanxiang Che

Task-oriented dialogue systems based on Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained increasing attention across various industries and achieved significant results. Current approaches condense complex procedural workflows into a single agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Zihao Feng , Xiaoxue Wang , Bowen Wu , Weihong Zhong , Zhen Xu , Hailong Cao , Tiejun Zhao , Ying Li , Baoxun Wang

The recent development of language models has shown promising results by achieving state-of-the-art performance on various natural language tasks by fine-tuning pretrained models. In task-oriented dialogue (ToD) systems, language models can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Vinsen Marselino Andreas , Genta Indra Winata , Ayu Purwarianti

Data scarcity is one of the main problems when it comes to real-world applications of transformer-based models. This is especially evident for task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems, which require specialized datasets, that are usually not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sebastian Steindl , Ulrich Schäfer , Bernd Ludwig

This survey provides a comprehensive review of research on multi-turn dialogue systems, with a particular focus on multi-turn dialogue systems based on large language models (LLMs). This paper aims to (a) give a summary of existing LLMs and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Zihao Yi , Jiarui Ouyang , Zhe Xu , Yuwen Liu , Tianhao Liao , Haohao Luo , Ying Shen

Building Task-Oriented Dialogue (TOD) systems that generalize across different tasks remains a challenging problem. Data-driven approaches often struggle to transfer effectively to unseen tasks. While recent schema-based TOD frameworks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Radin Shayanfar , Chu Fei Luo , Rohan Bhambhoria , Samuel Dahan , Xiaodan Zhu

This paper presents an ontology-aware pretrained language model (OPAL) for end-to-end task-oriented dialogue (TOD). Unlike chit-chat dialogue models, task-oriented dialogue models fulfill at least two task-specific modules: dialogue state…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Zhi Chen , Yuncong Liu , Lu Chen , Su Zhu , Mengyue Wu , Kai Yu

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems are experiencing a revolution driven by Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the evaluation methodologies for these systems remain insufficient for their growing sophistication. While traditional automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Emre Can Acikgoz , Carl Guo , Suvodip Dey , Akul Datta , Takyoung Kim , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tür