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In the era of cloud computing and AI, data owners outsource ubiquitous vectors to the cloud, which furnish approximate $k$-nearest neighbors ($k$-ANNS) services to users. To protect data privacy against the untrusted server,…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Yingfan Liu , Yandi Zhang , Jiadong Xie , Hui Li , Jeffrey Xu Yu , Jiangtao Cui

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) is a core primitive in modern AI systems, and graph-based methods currently offer the best accuracy-efficiency trade-off at scale. The workload is fundamentally memory-bound: graph traversal…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sitian Chen , Yusen Li , Yao Chen , Minwen Deng , Jintao Meng , Amelie Chi Zhou

The graph-based index has been widely adopted to meet the demand for approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) for high-dimensional vectors. However, in dynamic scenarios involving frequent vector insertions and deletions, existing systems…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Song Yu , Shengyuan Lin , Shufeng Gong , Yongqing Xie , Ruicheng Liu , Yijie Zhou , Ji Sun , Yanfeng Zhang , Guoliang Li , Ge Yu

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) is now widely used in various applications, ranging from information retrieval, question answering, and recommendation, to search for similar high-dimensional vectors. As the amount of vector data…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Yuming Xu , Hengyu Liang , Jin Li , Shuotao Xu , Qi Chen , Qianxi Zhang , Cheng Li , Ziyue Yang , Fan Yang , Yuqing Yang , Peng Cheng , Mao Yang

Model-based methods for recommender systems have been studied extensively for years. Modern recommender systems usually resort to 1) representation learning models which define user-item preference as the distance between their embedding…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Rihan Chen , Bin Liu , Han Zhu , Yaoxuan Wang , Qi Li , Buting Ma , Qingbo Hua , Jun Jiang , Yunlong Xu , Hongbo Deng , Bo Zheng

Nearest neighbor (NN) graph based visual re-ranking has emerged as a powerful approach for improving retrieval accuracy, offering the advantages of effectively exploring high-dimensional manifolds without requiring additional fine-tuning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Jaeyoon Kim , Yoonki Cho , Taeyoung Kim , Sung-Eui Yoon

In this paper, we present an experimental comparison of various graph-based approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search algorithms deployed on edge devices for real-time nearest neighbor search applications, such as smart city infrastructure…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Ali Ganbarov , Jicheng Yuan , Anh Le-Tuan , Manfred Hauswirth , Danh Le-Phuoc

With the advancement of information retrieval, recommendation systems, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) gains widespread applications due to its higher performance and accuracy. While…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yang Xiao , Mo Sun , Ziyu Song , Bing Tian , Jie Zhang , Jie Sun , Zeke Wang

Graph-based approaches are empirically shown to be very successful for the nearest neighbor search (NNS). However, there has been very little research on their theoretical guarantees. We fill this gap and rigorously analyze the performance…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-08-21 Liudmila Prokhorenkova , Aleksandr Shekhovtsov

Near neighbor search (NNS) is a powerful abstraction for data access; however, data indexing is troublesome even for approximate indexes. For intrinsically high-dimensional data, high-quality fast searches demand either indexes with…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Eric S. Tellez , Guillermo Ruiz , Edgar Chavez , Mario Graff

Recently, neural models for information retrieval are becoming increasingly popular. They provide effective approaches for product search due to their competitive advantages in semantic matching. However, it is challenging to use…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-01-25 Yuan Zhang , Dong Wang , Yan Zhang

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) in high dimensional space is essential in database and information retrieval. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in exploring efficient graph-based indices for the ANNS problem. Among…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Cong Fu , Changxu Wang , Deng Cai

Approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search in high-dimensional spaces is a foundational component of many modern retrieval and recommendation systems. Currently, almost all algorithms follow an $\epsilon$-Recall-Bounded principle when…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Liming Xiang , Jing Feng , Ziqi Yin , Zijian Li , Daihao Xue , Hongchao Qin , Ronghua Li , Guoren Wang

Approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) in high-dimensional vector spaces has a wide range of real-world applications. Numerous methods have been proposed to handle ANNS efficiently, while graph-based indexes have gained prominence due…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zhonggen Li , Xiangyu Ke , Yifan Zhu , Bocheng Yu , Baihua Zheng , Yunjun Gao

On-disk graph-based approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) is essential for large-scale, high-dimensional vector retrieval, yet its performance is widely recognized to be limited by the prohibitive I/O costs. Interestingly, we observed…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Weijian Chen , Haotian Liu , Yangshen Deng , Long Xiang , Liang Huang , Bo Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) face an inherent challenge: their knowledge is confined to the data that they have been trained on. To overcome this issue, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) complements the static training-derived knowledge…

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) over high-dimensional vectors is a foundational problem in databases, where disk I/O often emerges as the dominant performance bottleneck at scale. To accelerate search, graph-based indexes rely on…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Huiling Li , Xin Huang , Byron Choi , Jianliang Xu

Retrieving the most similar objects in a large-scale database for a given query is a fundamental building block in many application domains, ranging from web searches, visual, cross media, and document retrievals. State-of-the-art…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-15 Muge Li , Liangyue Li , Feiping Nie

Most text-based information retrieval (IR) systems index objects by words or phrases. These discrete systems have been augmented by models that use embeddings to measure similarity in continuous space. But continuous-space models are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-11-21 Daniel Gillick , Alessandro Presta , Gaurav Singh Tomar

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) is a crucial operation in databases and artificial intelligence. While graph-based ANNS methods like HNSW and NSG excel in performance, they assume uniform query distribution. However, in…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yifan Zhu , Ruijie Zhao , Zhonggen Li , Baihua Zheng , Zhikun Zhang , Zhaoqiang Chen , Congcong Ge