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Key-Value (KV) cache plays a crucial role in accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs) by storing intermediate attention states and avoiding redundant computation during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuzhen Mao , Qitong Wang , Martin Ester , Ke Li

Key-value (KV) caching is critical for efficient inference in large language models (LLMs), yet its memory footprint scales linearly with context length, resulting in a severe scalability bottleneck. Existing approaches largely treat KV…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Gradwell Dzikanyanga , Weihao Yang , Hao Huang , Donglei Wu , Shihao Wang , Wen Xia , Sanjeeb K C

Large language models have revolutionized data processing in numerous domains, with their ability to handle extended context reasoning receiving notable recognition. To speed up inference, maintaining a key-value (KV) cache memory is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Zhen Yang , J. N. Han , Kan Wu , Ruobing Xie , An Wang , Xingwu Sun , Zhanhui Kang

Processing long-context inputs with large language models presents a significant challenge due to the enormous memory requirements of the Key-Value (KV) cache during inference. Existing KV cache compression methods exhibit noticeable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Dongquan Yang , Yifan Yang , Xiaotian Yu , Xianbiao Qi , Rong Xiao

Long-context Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demand substantial computational resources for inference as the growth of their multimodal Key-Value (KV) cache, in response to increasing input lengths, challenges memory and time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Zhongwei Wan , Ziang Wu , Che Liu , Jinfa Huang , Zhihong Zhu , Peng Jin , Longyue Wang , Li Yuan

The Key-Value (KV) cache is integral to efficient autoregressive inference in large language models (LLMs), yet its unbounded growth in stateful multi-turn scenarios presents major challenges. This paper examines the interplay between KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Pratik Poudel

How to efficiently serve Large Language Models (LLMs) has become a pressing issue because of their huge computational cost in their autoregressive generation process. To mitigate computational costs, LLMs often employ the KV Cache technique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Zheng Wang , Boxiao Jin , Zhongzhi Yu , Minjia Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success on various aspects of human life. However, one of the major challenges in deploying these models is the substantial memory consumption required to store key-value pairs (KV),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Qiheng Sun , Hongwei Zhang , Haocheng Xia , Jiayao Zhang , Jinfei Liu , Kui Ren

Long-context inference in Large Language Models (LLMs) is bottlenecked by the linear growth of Key-Value (KV) cache memory. Existing KV cache compression paradigms are fundamentally limited by heuristics: heuristic budgeting relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Enshuai Zhou , Yifan Hao , Chao Wang , Rui Zhang , Di Huang , Jiaming Guo , Xing Hu , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Yunji Chen

Autoregressive decoding in large language models (LLMs) requires caching a growing list of past key-value (KV) pairs, making long-context inference a memory-bound problem. While recent methods have explored quantizing the cache, evicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Harshil Vejendla

The increasing size of the Key-Value (KV) cache during the Large Language Models long-context inference is the main obstacle for its balance between the deployment cost and task accuracy. To reduce the KV cache size in such scenarios, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Manlai Liang , JiaMing Zhang , Xiong Li , Jinlong Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in natural language processing and generation, yet their ability to handle long-context input remains constrained by the quadratic complexity of attention computation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Manlai Liang , Wanyi Huang , Mandi Liu , Huaijun Li , Jinlong Li

Key-Value (KV) cache has become a de facto component of modern Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) for inference. While it enhances decoding efficiency in Large Language Models (LLMs), its direct adoption in LVLMs introduces substantial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Xihao Chen , Yangyang Guo , Roger Zimmermann

Large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed with rapidly expanding context windows to support increasingly demanding applications. However, long contexts pose significant deployment challenges, primarily due to the KV cache whose size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Guangda Liu , Chengwei Li , Zhenyu Ning , Jing Lin , Yiwu Yao , Danning Ke , Minyi Guo , Jieru Zhao

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly boosted long-context processing. However, the increasing key-value (KV) cache size poses critical challenges to memory and execution efficiency. Most KV cache compression…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Xiaolin Lin , Jingcun Wang , Olga Kondrateva , Yiyu Shi , Bing Li , Grace Li Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance, but their long-context reasoning remains constrained by the excessive memory required for the Key-Value (KV) cache. This makes KV cache compression a critical step…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xianglong Yan , Zhiteng Li , Tianao Zhang , Haotong Qin , Linghe Kong , Yulun Zhang , Xiaokang Yang

Inference for Large Language Models (LLMs) is computationally demanding. To reduce the cost of auto-regressive decoding, Key-Value (KV) cache is used to store intermediate activations, which significantly lowers the computational overhead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chaoyi Jiang , Lei Gao , Hossein Entezari Zarch , Murali Annavaram

The Key-Value (KV) cache is central to the efficiency of transformer-based large language models (LLMs), storing previously computed vectors to accelerate inference. Yet, as sequence length and batch size grow, the cache becomes a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Damien Lesens , Beheshteh T. Rakhshan , Guillaume Rabusseau

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit pronounced memory-bound characteristics during inference due to High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) bandwidth constraints. In this paper, we propose an L2 Cache-oriented asynchronous KV Cache prefetching method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yanhao Dong , Yubo Miao , Weinan Li , Xiao Zheng , Chao Wang , Jiesheng Wu , Feng Lyu

Recently, large vision-language models (LVLMs) have rapidly gained popularity for their strong generation and reasoning capabilities given diverse multimodal inputs. However, these models incur significant computational and memory overhead…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Ao Wang , Hui Chen , Jiaxin Li , Jianchao Tan , Kefeng Zhang , Xunliang Cai , Zijia Lin , Jungong Han , Guiguang Ding