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Internet memes have emerged as a popular multimodal medium, yet they are increasingly weaponized to convey harmful opinions through subtle rhetorical devices like irony and metaphor. Existing detection approaches, including Multimodal Large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wenshuo Wang , Ziyou Jiang , Junjie Wang , Mingyang Li , Jie Huang , Yuekai Huang , Zhiyuan Chang , Feiyan Duan , Qing Wang

Hate speech detection across contemporary social media presents unique challenges due to linguistic diversity and the informal nature of online discourse. These challenges are further amplified in settings involving code-mixing,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Daman Deep Singh , Ramanuj Bhattacharjee , Abhijnan Chakraborty

Hateful memes are a growing menace on social media. While the image and its corresponding text in a meme are related, they do not necessarily convey the same meaning when viewed individually. Hence, detecting hateful memes requires careful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Gokul Karthik Kumar , Karthik Nandakumar

Memes on the Internet are often harmless and sometimes amusing. However, by using certain types of images, text, or combinations of both, the seemingly harmless meme becomes a multimodal type of hate speech -- a hateful meme. The Hateful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Riza Velioglu , Jewgeni Rose

The proliferation of hateful content in online videos poses severe threats to individual well-being and societal harmony. However, existing solutions for video hate detection either rely heavily on large-scale human annotations or lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yueming Sun , Long Yang , Jianbo Jiao , Zeyu Fu

Social media has a significant impact on people's lives. Hate speech on social media has emerged as one of society's most serious issues in recent years. Text and pictures are two forms of multimodal data that are distributed within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Anusha Chhabra , Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma

Internet memes have become powerful means to transmit political, psychological, and socio-cultural ideas. Although memes are typically humorous, recent days have witnessed an escalation of harmful memes used for trolling, cyberbullying, and…

The rapid evolution of malware variants requires robust classification methods to enhance cybersecurity. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential for generating malware descriptions to aid family classification, their utility is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Ivan Montoya Sanchez , Shaswata Mitra , Aritran Piplai , Sudip Mittal

Multimodal image-text memes are prevalent on the internet, serving as a unique form of communication that combines visual and textual elements to convey humor, ideas, or emotions. However, some memes take a malicious turn, promoting hateful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Giovanni Burbi , Alberto Baldrati , Lorenzo Agnolucci , Marco Bertini , Alberto Del Bimbo

Recent advances show that two-stream approaches have achieved outstanding performance in hateful meme detection. However, hateful memes constantly evolve as new memes emerge by fusing progressive cultural ideas, making existing methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Jinfa Huang , Jinsheng Pan , Zhongwei Wan , Hanjia Lyu , Jiebo Luo

The proliferation of multimodal content on social media presents significant challenges in understanding and moderating complex, context-dependent issues such as misinformation, hate speech, and propaganda. While efforts have been made to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi , Abul Hasnat , Md Arid Hasan , Ali Ezzat Shahroor , Firoj Alam

In this work, we examine hateful memes from three complementary angles - how to detect them, how to explain their content and how to intervene them prior to being posted - by applying a range of strategies built on top of generative AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Naquee Rizwan , Subhankar Swain , Paramananda Bhaskar , Gagan Aryan , Shehryaar Shah Khan , Animesh Mukherjee

Hateful and offensive content detection has been extensively explored in a single modality such as text. However, such toxic information could also be communicated via multimodal content such as online memes. Therefore, detecting multimodal…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Rui Cao , Ziqing Fan , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Wen-Haw Chong , Jing Jiang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has brought significant benefits to various domains while introducing substantial risks. Despite being fine-tuned through reinforcement learning, LLMs lack the capability to discern…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Weilong Dong , Peiguang Li , Yu Tian , Xinyi Zeng , Fengdi Li , Sirui Wang

The dissemination of hateful memes online has adverse effects on social media platforms and the real world. Detecting hateful memes is challenging, one of the reasons being the evolutionary nature of memes; new hateful memes can emerge by…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Yiting Qu , Xinlei He , Shannon Pierson , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang , Savvas Zannettou

Large Language Models (LLMs), representing a significant achievement in artificial intelligence (AI) research, have demonstrated their ability in a multitude of tasks. This project aims to explore the capabilities of GPT-3.5, a leading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Jingjing Wang , Joshua Luo , Grace Yang , Allen Hong , Feng Luo

Hateful memes have emerged as a particularly challenging form of online abuse, motivating the development of automated detection systems. Most prior approaches rely on direct detection, producing only binary predictions. Such models fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jingbiao Mei , Mingsheng Sun , Jinghong Chen , Pengda Qin , Yuhong Li , Da Chen , Bill Byrne

The proliferation of hate speech on social media platforms has necessitated the development of effective detection and moderation tools. This study evaluates the efficacy of various machine learning models in identifying hate speech and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Saurabh Mishra , Shivani Thakur , Radhika Mamidi

The exponential growth of social media has profoundly transformed how information is created, disseminated, and absorbed, exceeding any precedent in the digital age. Regrettably, this explosion has also spawned a significant increase in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Hongzhan Lin , Ziyang Luo , Bo Wang , Ruichao Yang , Jing Ma

Detecting harmful memes is crucial for safeguarding the integrity and harmony of online environments, yet existing detection methods are often resource-intensive, inflexible, and lacking explainability, limiting their applicability in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Fengjun Pan , Xiaobao Wu , Tho Quan , Anh Tuan Luu