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Most discussions about Large Language Model (LLM) safety have focused on single-agent settings but multi-agent LLM systems now create novel adversarial risks because their behavior depends on communication between agents and decentralized…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Rana Muhammad Shahroz Khan , Zhen Tan , Sukwon Yun , Charles Fleming , Tianlong Chen

Although multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, their instruction-following behavior leaves them vulnerable to prompt injection attacks. Existing prompt injection methods predominantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Meiwen Ding , Song Xia , Chenqi Kong , Xudong Jiang

The growing prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI) in various applications underscores the need for agents that can successfully navigate and adapt to an ever-changing, open-ended world. A key challenge is ensuring these AI agents are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Mikayel Samvelyan

The adoption of machine-learning-enabled systems in the healthcare domain is on the rise. While the use of ML in healthcare has several benefits, it also expands the threat surface of medical systems. We show that the use of ML in medical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Mohammed Elnawawy , Mohammadreza Hallajiyan , Gargi Mitra , Shahrear Iqbal , Karthik Pattabiraman

Web-use agents are rapidly being deployed to automate complex web tasks with extensive browser capabilities. However, these capabilities create a critical and previously unexplored attack surface. This paper demonstrates how attackers can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Avishag Shapira , Parth Atulbhai Gandhi , Edan Habler , Asaf Shabtai

With the growing reliance on digital devices equipped with graphical user interfaces (GUIs), such as computers and smartphones, the need for effective automation tools has become increasingly important. While multimodal large language…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Jakub Hoscilowicz , Bartosz Maj , Bartosz Kozakiewicz , Oleksii Tymoshchuk , Artur Janicki

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have emerged as key intermediaries, orchestrating complex interactions between human users and a wide range of digital services and LLM infrastructures. While prior research has extensively examined the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zi Liang , Ronghua Li , Yanyun Wang , Qingqing Ye , Haibo Hu

Recent research has shown that large language models (LLMs) are particularly vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Since the release of ChatGPT, various industries are adopting LLM-based chatbots and virtual assistants in their data workflows.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Ivan A. Fernandez , Subash Neupane , Sudip Mittal , Shahram Rahimi

With the rapid development of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), they are increasingly deployed as autonomous computer-use agents capable of accomplishing complex computer tasks. However, a pressing issue arises: Can the safety risk…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Jingyi Yang , Shuai Shao , Dongrui Liu , Jing Shao

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have led to the creation of intelligent agents capable of performing complex tasks. This paper introduces a novel LLM-based multimodal agent framework designed to operate smartphone…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Chi Zhang , Zhao Yang , Jiaxuan Liu , Yucheng Han , Xin Chen , Zebiao Huang , Bin Fu , Gang Yu

Mobile agents powered by vision-language models (VLMs) are increasingly adopted for tasks such as UI automation and camera-based assistance. These agents are typically fine-tuned using small-scale, user-collected data, making them…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Xuan Wang , Siyuan Liang , Zhe Liu , Yi Yu , Aishan Liu , Yuliang Lu , Xitong Gao , Ee-Chien Chang

Vision-Language Model (VLM) based Web Agents represent a significant step towards automating complex tasks by simulating human-like interaction with websites. However, their deployment in uncontrolled web environments introduces significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Haowei Wang , Junjie Wang , Xiaojun Jia , Rupeng Zhang , Mingyang Li , Zhe Liu , Yang Liu , Qing Wang

The integration of large language models with external content has enabled applications such as Microsoft Copilot but also introduced vulnerabilities to indirect prompt injection attacks. In these attacks, malicious instructions embedded…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Jingwei Yi , Yueqi Xie , Bin Zhu , Emre Kiciman , Guangzhong Sun , Xing Xie , Fangzhao Wu

NDAI zones let inventor and investor agents negotiate inside a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) where any disclosed information is deleted if no deal is reached. This makes full IP disclosure the rational strategy for the inventor's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Enrico Bottazzi , Pia Park

Large language model (LLM)-powered multi-agent systems (MAS) enable agents to communicate and share information, achieving strong performance on complex tasks. However, this communication also creates an attack surface where malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Lingxi Zhang , Guangtao Zheng , Hanjie Chen

Recent AI systems combine large language models with tools, external knowledge via retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and even autonomous multi-agent decision loops. This agentic AI paradigm greatly expands capabilities - but also vastly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Ali Dehghantanha , Sajad Homayoun

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents built on multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently demonstrated strong decision-making abilities in screen-based interaction tasks. However, they remain highly vulnerable to pop-up-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zihe Yan , Jiaping Gui , Zhuosheng Zhang , Gongshen Liu

Growing at a fast pace, modern autonomous systems will soon be deployed at scale, opening up the possibility for cooperative multi-agent systems. Sharing information and distributing workloads allow autonomous agents to better perform tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-13 James Tu , Tsunhsuan Wang , Jingkang Wang , Sivabalan Manivasagam , Mengye Ren , Raquel Urtasun

Adversarial attacks pose a severe risk to AI systems used in healthcare, capable of misleading models into dangerous misclassifications that can delay treatments or cause misdiagnoses. These attacks, often imperceptible to human perception,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Alyssa Gerhart , Balaji Iyangar

The adoption of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in embodied AI agents, while being effective, brings safety concerns such as jailbreaking. Prior work have explored the possibility of directly jailbreaking the embodied agents through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Chunyang Li , Zifeng Kang , Junwei Zhang , Zhuo Ma , Anda Cheng , Xinghua Li , Jianfeng Ma