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Measures of tree balance play an important role in the analysis of phylogenetic trees. One of the oldest and most popular indices in this regard is the Colless index for rooted bifurcating trees, introduced by Colless (1982). While many of…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-02-18 Tomás M. Coronado , Mareike Fischer , Lina Herbst , Francesc Rosselló , Kristina Wicke

Comparative analyses of phylogenetic trees typically require identical taxon sets, however, in practice, trees often include distinct but overlapping taxa. Pruning non-shared leaves discards phylogenetic signal, whereas tree completion can…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-28 Aleksandr Koshkarov , Nadia Tahiri

In this paper we investigate the geometry of a discrete Bayesian network whose graph is a tree all of whose variables are binary and the only observed variables are those labeling its leaves. We provide the full geometric description of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-10-20 Piotr Zwiernik , Jim Q. Smith

In this paper, we estimate the weak saturation numbers of trees. As a case study, we examine caterpillars and obtain several tight estimates. In particular, this implies that for any $\alpha\in [1,2]$, there exist caterpillars with $k$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-02 Wenchong Chen , Xiao-Chuan Liu , Xu Yang

The reliability of a phylogenetic inference method from genomic sequence data is ensured by its statistical consistency. Bayesian inference methods produce a sample of phylogenetic trees from the posterior distribution given sequence data.…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2016-06-10 Alex Gavryushkin , Alexei J. Drummond

In recent years, there has been an effort to extend the classical notion of phylogenetic balance, originally defined in the context of trees, to networks. One of the most natural ways to do this is with the so-called $B_2$ index. In this…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-30 François Bienvenu , Jean-Jil Duchamps , Michael Fuchs , Tsan-Cheng Yu

Following Poupard's study of strictly ordered binary trees with respect to two parameters, namely, "end of minimal chain" and "parent of maximum leaf" a true Tree Calculus is being developed to solve a partial difference equation system and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-04-10 Dominique Foata , Guo-Niu Han

Tree shape statistics quantify some aspect of the shape of a phylogenetic tree. They are commonly used to compare reconstructed trees to evolutionary models and to find evidence of tree reconstruction bias. Historically, to find a useful…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Frederick A. Matsen

Bayesian inference is now a leading technique for reconstructing phylogenetic trees from aligned sequence data. In this short note, we formally show that the maximum posterior tree topology provides a statistically consistent estimate of a…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2013-07-12 Mike Steel

A semiregular tree is a tree where all non-pendant vertices have the same degree. Belardo et al. (MATCH Commun. Math. Chem. 61(2), pp. 503-515, 2009) have shown that among all semiregular trees with a fixed order and degree, a graph with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-06-09 Tuerker Biyikoglu , Josef Leydold

Estimating phylogenetic trees is an important problem in evolutionary biology, environmental policy and medicine. Although trees are estimated, their uncertainties are discarded by mathematicians working in tree space. Here we explicitly…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-10-16 Amy D. Willis , Rayna C. Bell

Class imbalance remains a significant challenge in machine learning, particularly for tabular data classification tasks. While Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDT) models have proven highly effective for such tasks, their performance can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Jiaqi Luo , Yuan Yuan , Shixin Xu

As researchers collect increasingly large molecular data sets to reconstruct the Tree of Life, the heterogeneity of signals in the genomes of diverse organisms poses challenges for traditional phylogenetic analysis. A class of phylogenetic…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2015-09-11 Liang Liu , Zhenxiang Xi , Shaoyuan Wu , Charles Davis , Scott V. Edwards

The ratio of two densities provides a direct characterization of their differences. We consider the two-sample comparison problem by estimating this ratio given i.i.d. observations from two distributions. To this end, we propose additive…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-23 Naoki Awaya , Yuliang Xu , Li Ma

A rooted tree is balanced if the degree of a vertex depends only on its distance to the root. In this paper we determine the sharp threshold for the appearance of a large family of balanced spanning trees in the random geometric graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-28 Alberto Espuny Díaz , Lyuben Lichev , Dieter Mitsche , Alexandra Wesolek

Construction of phylogenetic trees and networks for extant species from their characters represents one of the key problems in phylogenomics. While solution to this problem is not always uniquely defined and there exist multiple methods for…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2016-08-10 Nikita Alexeev , Max A. Alekseyev

The function or performance of a network is strongly dependent on its robustness, quantifying the ability of the network to continue functioning under perturbations. While a wide variety of robustness metrics have been proposed, they have…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Liwang Zhu , Qi Bao , Zhongzhi Zhang

For any fixed measure $H$ that maps graphs to real numbers, the MinH problem is defined as follows: given a graph $G$, an integer $k$, and a target $\tau$, is there a set $S$ of $k$ vertices that can be deleted, so that $H(G - S)$ is at…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Serge Gaspers , Joshua Lau

Weight-balanced trees are a popular form of self-balancing binary search trees. Their popularity is due to desirable guarantees, for example regarding the required work to balance annotated trees. While usual weight-balanced trees perform…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Lukas Barth , Dorothea Wagner

The Maximum (Minimum) Leaf Spanning Tree problem asks for a spanning tree with the largest (smallest) number of leaves. As spanning trees are often computed using graph search algorithms, it is natural to restrict this problem to the set of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jesse Beisegel , Ekkehard Köhler , Robert Scheffler , Martin Strehler