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Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass their safety mechanisms. Existing attack methods are fixed or specifically tailored for certain models and cannot flexibly adjust attack strength, which is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yiting Dong , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

Stakeholders -- from model developers to policymakers -- seek to minimize the dual-use risks of large language models (LLMs). An open challenge to this goal is whether technical safeguards can impede the misuse of LLMs, even when models are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Xiangyu Qi , Boyi Wei , Nicholas Carlini , Yangsibo Huang , Tinghao Xie , Luxi He , Matthew Jagielski , Milad Nasr , Prateek Mittal , Peter Henderson

The rapidly growing number and variety of Large Language Models (LLMs) present significant challenges in efficiently selecting the appropriate LLM for a given query, especially considering the trade-offs between performance and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Tao Feng , Yanzhen Shen , Jiaxuan You

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable effectiveness in various general-domain natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, their performance in transportation safety domain tasks has been suboptimal, primarily attributed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Ou Zheng , Mohamed Abdel-Aty , Dongdong Wang , Chenzhu Wang , Shengxuan Ding

Large Language Models have found success in a variety of applications. However, their safety remains a concern due to the existence of various jailbreaking methods. Despite significant efforts, alignment and safety fine-tuning only provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Darpan Aswal , Céline Hudelot

Many studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) can produce harmful responses, exposing users to unexpected risks when LLMs are deployed. Previous studies have proposed comprehensive taxonomies of the risks posed by LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yuxia Wang , Zenan Zhai , Haonan Li , Xudong Han , Lizhi Lin , Zhenxuan Zhang , Jingru Zhao , Preslav Nakov , Timothy Baldwin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been shown to be susceptible to jailbreak attacks, or adversarial attacks used to illicit high risk behavior from a model. Jailbreaks have been exploited by cybercriminals and blackhat actors to cause…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Joao Fonseca , Andrew Bell , Julia Stoyanovich

As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow increasingly powerful, ensuring their safety and alignment with human values remains a critical challenge. Ideally, LLMs should provide informative responses while avoiding the disclosure of harmful or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Lingrui Mei , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Baolong Bi , Ruibin Yuan , Xueqi Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate substantial accuracy gains when augmented with reasoning modes such as chain-of-thought and inference-time scaling. However, reasoning also incurs significant costs in inference latency and token…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Chen Wang , Xunzhuo Liu , Yuhan Liu , Yue Zhu , Xiangxi Mo , Junchen Jiang , Huamin Chen

Optimizing large language models (LLMs) for downstream use cases often involves the customization of pre-trained LLMs through further fine-tuning. Meta's open release of Llama models and OpenAI's APIs for fine-tuning GPT-3.5 Turbo on custom…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Xiangyu Qi , Yi Zeng , Tinghao Xie , Pin-Yu Chen , Ruoxi Jia , Prateek Mittal , Peter Henderson

With the growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in real-world applications, establishing robust safety guardrails to moderate their inputs and outputs has become essential to ensure adherence to safety policies. Current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Minseok Choi , Dongjin Kim , Seungbin Yang , Subin Kim , Youngjun Kwak , Juyoung Oh , Jaegul Choo , Jungmin Son

The widespread utilization of language models in modern applications is inconceivable without Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning techniques, such as low-rank adaptation ($\texttt{LoRA}$), which adds trainable adapters to selected layers.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Andrey Veprikov , Vladimir Solodkin , Alexander Zyl , Andrey Savchenko , Aleksandr Beznosikov

Large Language Models (LLMs) process every token through all layers of a transformer stack, causing wasted computation on simple queries and insufficient flexibility for harder ones that need deeper reasoning. Adaptive-depth methods can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ahmed Heakl , Martin Gubri , Salman Khan , Sangdoo Yun , Seong Joon Oh

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased remarkable capabilities across various tasks in different domains. However, the emergence of biases and the potential for generating harmful content in LLMs, particularly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Zhuowen Yuan , Zidi Xiong , Yi Zeng , Ning Yu , Ruoxi Jia , Dawn Song , Bo Li

Studying the robustness of Large Language Models (LLMs) to unsafe behaviors is an important topic of research today. Building safety classification models or guard models, which are fine-tuned models for input/output safety classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Sowmya Vajjala

Information security is facing increasingly severe challenges, and traditional protection means are difficult to cope with complex and changing threats. In recent years, as an emerging intelligent technology, large language models (LLMs)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Chang Gong , Zhongwen Li , Xiaoqi Li

Jailbreak attacks pose a serious threat to the safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) by crafting adversarial prompts that bypass alignment mechanisms, causing the models to produce harmful, restricted, or biased content. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Xiangman Li , Xiaodong Wu , Qi Li , Jianbing Ni , Rongxing Lu

Reasoning language models perform well on complex tasks but are costly to deploy due to their size and long reasoning traces. We propose a routing approach that assigns each problem to the smallest model likely to solve it, reducing compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Bo Zhao , Berkcan Kapusuzoglu , Kartik Balasubramaniam , Sambit Sahu , Supriyo Chakraborty , Genta Indra Winata

Large Language Models (LLM) have made remarkable progress, but concerns about potential biases and harmful content persist. To address these apprehensions, we introduce a practical solution for ensuring LLM's safe and ethical use. Our novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Chaima Njeh , Haïfa Nakouri , Fehmi Jaafar

Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that bypass safety guidelines and generate harmful content. Mitigating these vulnerabilities requires defense mechanisms that are both robust and computationally efficient.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Gil Goren , Shahar Katz , Lior Wolf