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Related papers: QuZO: Quantized Zeroth-Order Fine-Tuning for Large…

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We propose a memory-efficient finetuning algorithm for large language models (LLMs) that supports finetuning LLMs with 65B parameters in 2/3/4-bit precision on as little as one 24GB GPU. Our method, modular low-rank adaptation (ModuLoRA),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Junjie Yin , Jiahao Dong , Yingheng Wang , Christopher De Sa , Volodymyr Kuleshov

Fine-tuning vision language models (VLMs) has achieved remarkable performance across various downstream tasks; yet, it requires access to model gradients through backpropagation (BP), making them unsuitable for memory-constrained,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yifan Yang , Zhen Zhang , Rupak Vignesh Swaminathan , Jing Liu , Nathan Susanj , Zheng Zhang

The rapid scaling of language models (LMs) has resulted in unprecedented computational, memory, and energy requirements, making their training and deployment increasingly unsustainable. Quantization has emerged as an essential compression…

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of quantization techniques for optimizing Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically focusing on Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) and Quantization-Aware Training (QAT). Through empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jahid Hasan

We introduce a method that dramatically reduces fine-tuning VRAM requirements and rectifies quantization errors in quantized Large Language Models. First, we develop an extremely memory-efficient fine-tuning (EMEF) method for quantized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yuji Chai , John Gkountouras , Glenn G. Ko , David Brooks , Gu-Yeon Wei

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced rapidly but face significant memory demands. While quantization has shown promise for LLMs, current methods typically require lengthy training to alleviate the performance degradation from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Ke Yi , Yuhui Xu , Heng Chang , Chen Tang , Yuan Meng , Tong Zhang , Jia Li

For large language models (LLMs), post-training quantization (PTQ) can significantly reduce memory footprint and computational overhead. Model quantization is rapidly evolving. Though many papers report breakthrough results, they are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yutong Liu , Cairong Zhao , Guosheng Hu

Large-scale pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have gained prominence in various visual and multimodal tasks, yet the deployment of VLMs on downstream application platforms remains challenging due to their prohibitive requirements of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Huixin Sun , Runqi Wang , Yanjing Li , Xianbin Cao , Xiaolong Jiang , Yao Hu , Baochang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in NLP, but their demands hinder their widespread deployment. While Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) offers a solution, its extensive training costs make Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) a more practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Jing Liu , Ruihao Gong , Xiuying Wei , Zhiwei Dong , Jianfei Cai , Bohan Zhuang

Lowering the memory requirement in full-parameter training on large models has become a hot research area. MeZO fine-tunes the large language models (LLMs) by just forward passes in a zeroth-order SGD optimizer (ZO-SGD), demonstrating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Shuoran Jiang , Qingcai Chen , Youchen Pan , Yang Xiang , Yukang Lin , Xiangping Wu , Chuanyi Liu , Xiaobao Song

Recent research explores optimization using large language models (LLMs) by either iteratively seeking next-step solutions from LLMs or directly prompting LLMs for an optimizer. However, these approaches exhibit inherent limitations,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-06 Zeyuan Ma , Hongshu Guo , Jiacheng Chen , Guojun Peng , Zhiguang Cao , Yining Ma , Yue-Jiao Gong

Fine-tuning pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) for downstream tasks using First-Order (FO) optimizers presents significant computational challenges. Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods address these by freezing most model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Reza Shirkavand , Peiran Yu , Qi He , Heng Huang

Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization provides a gradient-free alternative to first-order (FO) methods by estimating gradients via finite differences of function evaluations, and has recently emerged as a memory-efficient paradigm for fine-tuning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yicheng Lang , Changsheng Wang , Yihua Zhang , Mingyi Hong , Zheng Zhang , Wotao Yin , Sijia Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across various domains. However, the enormous number of model parameters makes fine-tuning challenging, significantly limiting their application and deployment. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Ao Shen , Qiang Wang , Zhiquan Lai , Xionglve Li , Dongsheng Li

Large language models have achieved significant advancements in complex mathematical reasoning benchmarks, such as MATH. However, their substantial computational requirements present challenges for practical deployment. Model quantization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Zhen Li , Yupeng Su , Runming Yang , Congkai Xie , Zheng Wang , Zhongwei Xie , Ngai Wong , Hongxia Yang

Several post-training quantization methods have been applied to large language models (LLMs), and have been shown to perform well down to 8-bits. We find that these methods break down at lower bit precision, and investigate quantization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Zechun Liu , Barlas Oguz , Changsheng Zhao , Ernie Chang , Pierre Stock , Yashar Mehdad , Yangyang Shi , Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi , Vikas Chandra

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) under resource constraints is a significant challenge in deep learning. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), pruning, and quantization are all effective methods for improving resource efficiency. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Changhai Zhou , Shiyang Zhang , Yuhua Zhou , Zekai Liu , Shichao Weng

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) remains resource-intensive due to their sheer scale. While zeroth-order (ZO) optimization provides a memory-efficient alternative by eliminating backward passes, its application to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Liangyu Wang , Huanyi Xie , Di Wang

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance but incur high deployment costs, motivating extremely low-bit but lossy quantization. Existing quantization algorithms mainly focus on improving the numerical accuracy of forward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yuzhuang Xu , Xu Han , Yuxuan Li , Pengzhan Li , Wanxiang Che

With the rapid growth in the use of fine-tuning for large language models (LLMs), optimizing fine-tuning while keeping inference efficient has become highly important. However, this is a challenging task as it requires improvements in all…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Changhun Lee , Jun-gyu Jin , Younghyun Cho , Eunhyeok Park