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Using large language models, this paper presents techniques to improve extremely low-resourced indigenous language translations. Our approaches are grounded in the use of (1) the presence of a datastore consisting of a limited number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 You-Cheng Liao , Chen-Jui Yu , Chi-Yi Lin , He-Feng Yun , Yen-Hsiang Wang , Hsiao-Min Li , Yao-Chung Fan

The ability of generative large language models (LLMs) to perform in-context learning has given rise to a large body of research into how best to prompt models for various natural language processing tasks. Machine Translation (MT) has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Armel Zebaze , Benoît Sagot , Rachel Bawden

Extremely low-resource (XLR) languages lack substantial corpora for training NLP models, motivating the use of all available resources such as dictionaries and grammar books. Machine Translation from One Book (Tanzer et al., 2024) suggests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Seth Aycock , David Stap , Di Wu , Christof Monz , Khalil Sima'an

In Machine Translation, Large Language Models (LLMs) have generally underperformed compared to conventional encoder-decoder systems and thus see limited adoption. However, LLMs excel at modeling contextual information, making them a natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Ireh Kim , Tesia Sker , Chanwoo Kim

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems built on multilingual sequence-to-sequence Language Models (msLMs) fail to deliver expected results when the amount of parallel data for a language, as well as the language's representation in the…

We explore the impact of multi-source input strategies on machine translation (MT) quality, comparing GPT-4o, a large language model (LLM), with a traditional multilingual neural machine translation (NMT) system. Using intermediate language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Lia Shahnazaryan , Patrick Simianer , Joern Wuebker

Machine Translation System (MTS) serves as an effective tool for communication by translating text or speech from one language to another language. The need of an efficient translation system becomes obvious in a large multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Sudhansu Bala Das , Atharv Biradar , Tapas Kumar Mishra , Bidyut Kumar Patra

The quality of output from large language models (LLMs), particularly in machine translation (MT), is closely tied to the quality of in-context examples (ICEs) provided along with the query, i.e., the text to translate. The effectiveness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Javad Pourmostafa Roshan Sharami , Dimitar Shterionov , Pieter Spronck

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit outstanding performance in machine translation via in-context learning. In contrast to sentence-level translation, document-level translation (DOCMT) by LLMs based on in-context learning faces two major…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Menglong Cui , Jiangcun Du , Shaolin Zhu , Deyi Xiong

Fine-tuning multilingual sequence-to-sequence large language models (msLLMs) has shown promise in developing neural machine translation (NMT) systems for low-resource languages (LRLs). However, conventional single-stage fine-tuning methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Sarubi Thillainathan , Songchen Yuan , En-Shiun Annie Lee , Sanath Jayasena , Surangika Ranathunga

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly strong contenders in machine translation. In this work, we focus on document-level translation, where some words cannot be translated without context from outside the sentence. Specifically, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Wafaa Mohammed , Vlad Niculae

Extremely low-resource languages, especially those written in rare scripts, as shown in Figure 1, remain largely unsupported by large language models (LLMs). This is due in part to compounding factors such as the lack of training data. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Yue Li , Zhixue Zhao , Carolina Scarton

In-context learning (ICL) has proven to be a significant capability with the advancement of Large Language models (LLMs). By instructing LLMs using few-shot demonstrative examples, ICL enables them to perform a wide range of tasks without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Quanyu Long , Jianda Chen , Wenya Wang , Sinno Jialin Pan

We investigate the potential of LLM-generated synthetic data for improving low-resource Machine Translation (MT). Focusing on seven diverse target languages, we construct a document-level synthetic corpus from English Europarl, and extend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Ona de Gibert , Joseph Attieh , Teemu Vahtola , Mikko Aulamo , Zihao Li , Raúl Vázquez , Tiancheng Hu , Jörg Tiedemann

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong translation abilities through prompting, even without task-specific training. However, their effectiveness in dialectal and low-resource contexts remains underexplored. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Tabia Tanzin Prama , Christopher M. Danforth , Peter Sheridan Dodds

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in handling multilingual machine translation (MMT). In this paper, we systematically investigate the advantages and challenges of LLMs for MMT by answering two questions:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Wenhao Zhu , Hongyi Liu , Qingxiu Dong , Jingjing Xu , Shujian Huang , Lingpeng Kong , Jiajun Chen , Lei Li

Natural language processing of Low-Resource Languages (LRL) is often challenged by the lack of data. Therefore, achieving accurate machine translation (MT) in a low-resource environment is a real problem that requires practical solutions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Yewei Song , Saad Ezzini , Jacques Klein , Tegawende Bissyande , Clément Lefebvre , Anne Goujon

In-Context Learning (ICL) is a technique by which language models make predictions based on examples provided in their input context. Previously, their context window size imposed a limit on the number of examples that can be shown, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Jinheon Baek , Sun Jae Lee , Prakhar Gupta , Geunseob Oh , Siddharth Dalmia , Prateek Kolhar

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has seen a tremendous spurt of growth in less than ten years, and has already entered a mature phase. While considered as the most widely used solution for Machine Translation, its performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Surangika Ranathunga , En-Shiun Annie Lee , Marjana Prifti Skenduli , Ravi Shekhar , Mehreen Alam , Rishemjit Kaur

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across a wide range of tasks and domains. However, their performance in low-resource language translation, particularly when translating into these languages, remains…