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We introduce GuessingGame, a protocol for evaluating large language models (LLMs) as strategic question-askers in open-ended, open-domain settings. A Guesser LLM identifies a hidden object by posing free-form questions to an Oracle without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Dylan Hutson , Daniel Vennemeyer , Aneesh Deshmukh , Justin Zhan , Tianyu Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as formidable instruments capable of comprehending and producing human-like text. This paper explores the potential of LLMs, to shape user perspectives and subsequently influence their decisions on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ganesh Prasath Ramani , Shirish Karande , Santhosh V , Yash Bhatia

Advancing planning and reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) is one of the key prerequisites towards unlocking their potential for performing reliably in complex and impactful domains. In this paper, we aim to demonstrate…

Although board games and video games have been studied for decades in artificial intelligence research, challenging word games remain relatively unexplored. Word games are not as constrained as games like chess or poker. Instead, word game…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Divya Koyyalagunta , Anna Sun , Rachel Lea Draelos , Cynthia Rudin

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to support human decision-making. This use of LLMs has concerning implications, especially when their prescriptions affect the welfare of others. To gauge how LLMs make social…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Saptarshi Pal , Abhishek Mallela , Christian Hilbe , Lenz Pracher , Chiyu Wei , Feng Fu , Santiago Schnell , Martin A Nowak

Human languages have evolved to be structured through repeated language learning and use. These processes introduce biases that operate during language acquisition and shape linguistic systems toward communicative efficiency. In this paper,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Tom Kouwenhoven , Max Peeperkorn , Tessa Verhoef

We introduce a novel and extensible benchmark for large language models (LLMs) through grid-based games such as Tic-Tac-Toe, Connect Four, and Gomoku. The open-source game simulation code, available on GitHub, allows LLMs to compete and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Oguzhan Topsakal , Colby Jacob Edell , Jackson Bailey Harper

This paper investigates the rationality of large language models (LLMs) in strategic decision-making contexts, specifically within the framework of game theory. We evaluate several state-of-the-art LLMs across a spectrum of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Wenyue Hua , Ollie Liu , Lingyao Li , Alfonso Amayuelas , Julie Chen , Lucas Jiang , Mingyu Jin , Lizhou Fan , Fei Sun , William Wang , Xintong Wang , Yongfeng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) process and predict sequences containing text to answer questions, and address tasks including document summarization, providing recommendations, writing software and solving quantitative problems. We provide a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Ricardo Baptista , Andrew Stuart , Son Tran

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across diverse contexts to support decision-making. While existing evaluations effectively probe latent model capabilities, they often overlook the impact of context framing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Isaac Robinson , John Burden

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful tools, capable of leveraging their training on natural language to write stories, generate code, and answer questions. But can they generate functional video game levels? Game levels, with their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Graham Todd , Sam Earle , Muhammad Umair Nasir , Michael Cerny Green , Julian Togelius

Implementing board games in code can be a time-consuming task. However, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been proven effective at generating code for domain-specific tasks with simple contextual information. We aim to investigate whether…

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have shown significant advancements in natural language processing (NLP), with strong capa-bilities in generation, comprehension, and rea-soning. These models have found applications in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Hui Wang

Large language models (LLMs) hold interesting potential for the design, development, and research of video games. Building on the decades of prior research on generative AI in games, many researchers have sped to investigate the power and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Penny Sweetser

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming human decision-making by acting as cognitive collaborators. Yet, this promise comes with a paradox: while LLMs can improve accuracy, they may also erode independent reasoning, promote…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Irdin Pekaric , Philipp Zech , Tom Mattson

In-context learning enables large language models (LLMs) to perform a variety of tasks, including learning to make reward-maximizing choices in simple bandit tasks. Given their potential use as (autonomous) decision-making agents, it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 William M. Hayes , Nicolas Yax , Stefano Palminteri

What makes a good Large Language Model (LLM)? That it performs well on the relevant benchmarks -- which hopefully measure, with some validity, the presence of capabilities that are also challenged in real application. But what makes the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Nidhir Bhavsar , Jonathan Jordan , Sherzod Hakimov , David Schlangen

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate significant potential in multi-agent negotiation tasks, yet evaluation in this domain remains challenging due to a lack of robust and generalizable benchmarks. Abdelnabi et al. (2024) introduce a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jorge Carrasco Pollo , Ioannis Kapetangeorgis , Joshua Rosenthal , John Hua Yao

Multi-agent collaboration with Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrates proficiency in basic tasks, yet its efficiency in more complex scenarios remains unexplored. In gaming environments, these agents often face situations without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Zijing Shi , Meng Fang , Shunfeng Zheng , Shilong Deng , Ling Chen , Yali Du

We explore the potential of self-play training for large language models (LLMs) in a two-player adversarial language game called Adversarial Taboo. In this game, an attacker and a defender communicate around a target word only visible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Pengyu Cheng , Tianhao Hu , Han Xu , Zhisong Zhang , Zheng Yuan , Yong Dai , Lei Han , Nan Du , Xiaolong Li