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Using language models to scalably approximate human preferences on text quality (LLM-as-a-judge) has become a standard practice applicable to many tasks. A judgment is often extracted from the judge's textual output alone, typically with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Victor Wang , Michael J. Q. Zhang , Eunsol Choi

Recently, there has been a growing trend of utilizing Large Language Model (LLM) to evaluate the quality of other LLMs. Many studies have fine-tuned judge models based on open-source LLMs for evaluation. While the fine-tuned judge models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Hui Huang , Xingyuan Bu , Hongli Zhou , Yingqi Qu , Jing Liu , Muyun Yang , Bing Xu , Tiejun Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress through preference-based fine-tuning, which critically depends on the quality of the underlying training data. While human feedback is essential for improving data quality,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Derin Cayir , Renjie Tao , Rashi Rungta , Kai Sun , Sean Chen , Haidar Khan , Minseok Kim , Julia Reinspach , Yue Liu

LLM-as-a-judge models have been used for evaluating both human and AI generated content, specifically by providing scores and rationales. Rationales, in addition to increasing transparency, help models learn to calibrate its judgments.…

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has proven its effectiveness in alleviating hallucinations for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing automated evaluation metrics cannot fairly evaluate the outputs generated by RAG models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shuliang Liu , Xinze Li , Zhenghao Liu , Yukun Yan , Cheng Yang , Zheni Zeng , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Ge Yu

Evaluating the conversational abilities of large language models (LLMs) remains a challenging task. Current mainstream approaches primarily rely on the "LLM-as-a-judge" paradigm, where an LLM is prompted to serve as an evaluator to assess…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Yuqi Tang , Kehua Feng , Yunfeng Wang , Zhiwen Chen , Chengfei Lv , Gang Yu , Qiang Zhang , Keyan Ding , Huajun Chen

To keep pace with the increasing pace of large language models (LLM) development, model output evaluation has transitioned away from time-consuming human evaluation to automatic evaluation, where LLMs themselves are tasked with assessing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Austin Xu , Yilun Zhou , Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used as reference-free evaluators via prompting, but this "LLM-as-a-Judge" paradigm is costly, opaque, and sensitive to prompt design. In this work, we investigate whether smaller models can serve as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Zhuochun Li , Yong Zhang , Ming Li , Yuelyu Ji , Yiming Zeng , Ning Cheng , Yun Zhu , Yanmeng Wang , Shaojun Wang , Jing Xiao , Daqing He

LLM-as-a-Judge has been widely adopted as an evaluation method and served as supervised rewards in model training. However, existing benchmarks for LLM-as-a-Judge are mainly relying on human-annotated ground truth, which introduces human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Yuanning Feng , Sinan Wang , Zhengxiang Cheng , Yao Wan , Dongping Chen

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as promising tools for evaluating Natural Language Generation (NLG) tasks, their effectiveness is limited by their inability to appropriately weigh the importance of different topics, often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Wenwen Xie , Gray Gwizdz , Dongji Feng

The capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) are routinely evaluated by other LLMs trained to predict human preferences. This framework--known as LLM-as-a-judge--is highly scalable and relatively low cost. However, it is also vulnerable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Lisa Alazraki , Tan Yi-Chern , Jon Ander Campos , Maximilian Mozes , Marek Rei , Max Bartolo

A Large Language Model (LLM) as judge evaluates the quality of victim Machine Learning (ML) models, specifically LLMs, by analyzing their outputs. An LLM as judge is the combination of one model and one specifically engineered judge prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tom Biskupski , Stephan Kleber

As large language models (LLMs) grow in capability and autonomy, evaluating their outputs-especially in open-ended and complex tasks-has become a critical bottleneck. A new paradigm is emerging: using AI agents as the evaluators themselves.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Fangyi Yu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been widely adopted as MLLM-as-a-Judges due to their strong alignment with human judgment across various visual tasks. However, most existing judge models are optimized for single-task scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Junjie Wu , Xuan Kan , Zihao He , Shunwen Tan , Bo Pan , Kaitai Zhang

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various domains. However, effective decision-making relies heavily on strong reasoning abilities. Reasoning is the foundation for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Dana Alsagheer , Yang Lu , Abdulrahman Kamal , Omar Kamal , Mohammad Kamal , Nada Mansour , Cosmo Yang Wu , Rambiba Karanjai , Sen Li , Weidong Shi

The "LLM-as-a-Judge" paradigm, using Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated evaluators, is pivotal to LLM development, offering scalable feedback for complex tasks. However, the reliability of these judges is compromised by various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Qingquan Li , Shaoyu Dou , Kailai Shao , Chao Chen , Haixiang Hu

Learning from preference feedback is a common practice for aligning large language models~(LLMs) with human value. Conventionally, preference data is learned and encoded into a scalar reward model that connects a value head with an LLM to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ziyi Ye , Xiangsheng Li , Qiuchi Li , Qingyao Ai , Yujia Zhou , Wei Shen , Dong Yan , Yiqun Liu

The LLM-as-a-judge paradigm is widely used in both evaluating free-text model responses and reward modeling for model alignment and fine-tuning. Recently, fine-tuning judges with judge-specific data has emerged as an often preferred choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Janvijay Singh , Austin Xu , Yilun Zhou , Yefan Zhou , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Shafiq Joty

LLM-as-a-Judge, which generates chain-of-thought (CoT) judgments, has become a widely adopted auto-evaluation method. However, its reliability is compromised by the CoT reasoning's inability to capture comprehensive and deeper details,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Qiyuan Zhang , Yufei Wang , Yuxin Jiang , Liangyou Li , Chuhan Wu , Yasheng Wang , Xin Jiang , Lifeng Shang , Ruiming Tang , Fuyuan Lyu , Chen Ma

Ensuring that large language models (LLMs) reflect diverse user values and preferences is crucial as their user bases expand globally. It is therefore encouraging to see the growing interest in LLM personalization within the research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yijiang River Dong , Tiancheng Hu , Nigel Collier