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Graphs with complete node attributes have been widely explored recently. While in practice, there is a graph where attributes of only partial nodes could be available and those of the others might be entirely missing. This attribute-missing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Xu Chen , Siheng Chen , Jiangchao Yao , Huangjie Zheng , Ya Zhang , Ivor W Tsang

It is feasible and practically-valuable to bridge the characteristics between graph neural networks (GNNs) and logical reasoning. Despite considerable efforts and successes witnessed to solve Boolean satisfiability (SAT), it remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-30 Ziliang Chen , Zhanfu Yang

To improve the robustness of graph neural networks (GNN), graph structure learning (GSL) has attracted great interest due to the pervasiveness of noise in graph data. Many approaches have been proposed for GSL to jointly learn a clean graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Shaogao Lv , Gang Wen , Shiyu Liu , Linsen Wei , Ming Li

Satisfiability of boolean formulae (SAT) has been a topic of research in logic and computer science for a long time. In this paper we are interested in understanding the structure of satisfiable and unsatisfiable sentences. In previous work…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-05-25 Vaibhav Karve , Anil N. Hirani

The Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) holds a central place in computational complexity theory as the first shown NP-complete problem. Due to this role, SAT is often used as the benchmark for polynomial-time reductions: if a problem can…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yumiko Nishiyama

Wepropose SplitGNN, a graph neural network (GNN)-based approach that learns to solve weighted maximum satisfiabil ity (MaxSAT) problem. SplitGNN incorporates a co-training architecture consisting of supervised message passing mech anism and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Kaidi Wan , Minghao Liu , Yong Lai

We prove that conflict-driven clause learning SAT-solvers with the ordered decision strategy and the DECISION learning scheme are equivalent to ordered resolution. We also prove that, by replacing this learning scheme with its opposite that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Nathan Mull , Shuo Pang , Alexander Razborov

We proposes a novel method that enables Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to solve SAT problems by leveraging a technique developed for applying GNNs to Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Specifically, k-CNF formulae are mapped into MILP…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Franco Alberto Cardillo , Hamza Khyari , Umberto Straccia

The Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) problem, a variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem, plays a critical role in integrated circuit design and verification. However, existing SAT solvers, optimized for Conjunctive Normal Form…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhengyuan Shi , Tiebing Tang , Jiaying Zhu , Sadaf Khan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Zhufei Chu , Qiang Xu

Knowledge graph completion (KGC) aims to infer new knowledge and make predictions from knowledge graphs. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable reasoning capabilities. LLM-enhanced KGC methods primarily focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yu Liu , Yanan Cao , Xixun Lin , Yanmin Shang , Shi Wang , Shirui Pan

In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of graph neural networks applied to Boolean satisfiability problems, accompanied by an intuitive explanation of the mechanisms enabling the model to generalize to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 David Mojžíšek , Jan Hůla , Ziwei Li , Ziyu Zhou , Mikoláš Janota

Over the years complexity theorists have proposed many structural parameters to explain the surprising efficiency of conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) SAT solvers on a wide variety of large industrial Boolean instances. While some of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-28 Edward Zulkoski , Ruben Martins , Christoph Wintersteiger , Robert Robere , Jia Liang , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Vijay Ganesh

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as the de facto standard for representation learning on graphs, owing to their ability to effectively integrate graph topology and node attributes. However, the inherent suboptimal nature of node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Zhiyao Zhou , Sheng Zhou , Bochao Mao , Xuanyi Zhou , Jiawei Chen , Qiaoyu Tan , Daochen Zha , Yan Feng , Chun Chen , Can Wang

Modern CDCL SAT solvers easily solve industrial instances containing tens of millions of variables and clauses, despite the theoretical intractability of the SAT problem. This gap between practice and theory is a central problem in solver…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-05-28 Chunxiao Li , Jonathan Chung , Soham Mukherjee , Marc Vinyals , Noah Fleming , Antonina Kolokolova , Alice Mu , Vijay Ganesh

With the rapid development of deep learning techniques, various recent work has tried to apply graph neural networks (GNNs) to solve NP-hard problems such as Boolean Satisfiability (SAT), which shows the potential in bridging the gap…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Minghao Liu , Fuqi Jia , Pei Huang , Fan Zhang , Yuchen Sun , Shaowei Cai , Feifei Ma , Jian Zhang

In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as a successful tool in a variety of graph-related applications. However, the performance of GNNs can be deteriorated when noisy connections occur in the original graph structures;…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Yixin Liu , Yu Zheng , Daokun Zhang , Hongxu Chen , Hao Peng , Shirui Pan

Machine learning approaches to solving Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) aim to replace handcrafted heuristics with learning-based models. Graph Neural Networks have emerged as the main architecture for SAT solving, due to the natural graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Saku Peltonen , Roger Wattenhofer

There have been recent efforts for incorporating Graph Neural Network models for learning full-stack solvers for constraint satisfaction problems (CSP) and particularly Boolean satisfiability (SAT). Despite the unique representational power…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Saeed Amizadeh , Sergiy Matusevych , Markus Weimer

The Model-Constructing Satisfiability Calculus (MCSAT) framework has been applied to SMT problems over various arithmetic theories. NLSAT, an implementation using cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD) for explanation, is especially…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhonghan Wang

A novel parallel algorithm for solving the classical Decision Boolean Satisfiability problem with clauses in conjunctive normal form is depicted. My approach for solving SAT is without using algebra or other computational search strategies…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Carlos Barrón-Romero