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An ideal detection system for machine generated content is supposed to work well on any generator as many more advanced LLMs come into existence day by day. Existing systems often struggle with accurately identifying AI-generated content…

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced to a point that even humans have difficulty discerning whether a text was generated by another human, or by a computer. However, knowing whether a text was produced by human or artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Kathleen C. Fraser , Hillary Dawkins , Svetlana Kiritchenko

With the increasing integration of large language models (LLMs) into open-domain writing, detecting machine-generated text has become a critical task for ensuring content authenticity and trust. Existing approaches rely on statistical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Siyuan Li , Aodu Wulianghai , Xi Lin , Guangyan Li , Xiang Chen , Jun Wu , Jianhua Li

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly prevalent, their generated outputs are proliferating across the web, risking a future where machine-generated content dilutes human-authored text. Since online data is the primary resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 George Drayson , Emine Yilmaz , Vasileios Lampos

As LLMs rapidly advance, increasing concerns arise regarding risks about actual authorship of texts we see online and in real world. The task of distinguishing LLM-authored texts is complicated by the nuanced and overlapping behaviors of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Jiazhou Ji , Ruizhe Li , Shujun Li , Jie Guo , Weidong Qiu , Zheng Huang , Chiyu Chen , Xiaoyu Jiang , Xinru Lu

Large language models have catalyzed an unprecedented wave in code generation. While achieving significant advances, they blur the distinctions between machine- and human-authored source code, causing integrity and authenticity issues of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Yuling Shi , Hongyu Zhang , Chengcheng Wan , Xiaodong Gu

The challenge of separating AI-generated text from human-authored content is becoming more urgent as generative AI technologies like ChatGPT become more widely available. In this work, we address this issue by looking at both the detection…

Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT, Claude, Gemini, and Grok have been deeply integrated into our daily life. They now support a wide range of tasks -- from dialogue and email drafting to assisting with teaching and coding, serving as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hongyi Zhou , Jin Zhu , Ying Yang , Chengchun Shi

Generative models, especially large language models (LLMs), have shown remarkable progress in producing text that appears human-like. However, they often exhibit patterns that make their output easier to detect than text written by humans.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Hadi Mohammadi , Anastasia Giachanou , Daniel L. Oberski , Ayoub Bagheri

In this paper, we study the problem of detecting machine-generated text when the large language model (LLM) it is possibly derived from is unknown. We do so by apply ensembling methods to the outputs from DetectGPT classifiers (Mitchell et…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Ivan Ong , Boon King Quek

In this paper, we study how well humans can detect text generated by commercial LLMs (GPT-4o, Claude, o1). We hire annotators to read 300 non-fiction English articles, label them as either human-written or AI-generated, and provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jenna Russell , Marzena Karpinska , Mohit Iyyer

Can humans tell whether a news article was written by a person or a large language model (LLM)? We investigate this question using JudgeGPT, a study platform that independently measures source attribution (human vs. machine) and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Alexander Loth , Martin Kappes , Marc-Oliver Pahl

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance on a range of downstream NLP tasks by generating text that closely resembles human writing. However, the ease of achieving this similarity raises concerns from potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Beining Xu , Arkaitz Zubiaga

As intelligent systems become more autonomous, the scientific community focuses on creating decision-making mechanisms that include ethical and moral considerations, unlike traditional utility-maximisation models. To achieve this, a key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Eduardo de la Cruz Fernández , Marcelo Karanik , Sascha Ossowski

Detecting text generated by large language models (LLMs) is crucial but challenging. Existing detectors depend on impractical assumptions, such as white-box settings, or solely rely on text-level features, leading to imprecise detection…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xuecong Li , Xiaohong Li , Qiang Hu , Yao Zhang , Junjie Wang

ChatGPT is a conversational artificial intelligence that is a member of the generative pre-trained transformer of the large language model family. This text generative model was fine-tuned by both supervised learning and reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Niful Islam , Debopom Sutradhar , Humaira Noor , Jarin Tasnim Raya , Monowara Tabassum Maisha , Dewan Md Farid

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT has blurred the line between human and AI-generated texts, raising urgent questions about academic integrity, intellectual property, and the spread of misinformation. Thus,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Sharanya Parimanoharan , Ruwan D. Nawarathna

The autonomous decision-making process, which is increasingly applied to computer systems, requires that the choices made by these systems align with human values. In this context, systems must assess how well their decisions reflect human…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Eduardo de la Cruz Fernández , Marcelo Karanik , Sascha Ossowski

Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT released by OpenAI, have attracted significant attention from both industry and academia due to their demonstrated ability to generate high-quality content for various tasks. Despite the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Xiaodan Xu , Chao Ni , Xinrong Guo , Shaoxuan Liu , Xiaoya Wang , Kui Liu , Xiaohu Yang

Despite the growing adoption of large language models (LLMs) in academic workflows, their capabilities remain limited in supporting high-quality scientific writing. Most existing systems are designed for general-purpose scientific text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Nuo Chen , Andre Lin HuiKai , Jiaying Wu , Junyi Hou , Zining Zhang , Qian Wang , Xidong Wang , Bingsheng He