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Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in software engineering to generate, complete, translate, and fix code, improving developer productivity. While most research focuses on the energy consumption and carbon emissions of model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Sabiya Banu Masthan Ali , Oussema Kirmani , Aroosa Hameed , Syed Muhammad Danish , Gautam Srivastava

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly follow neural scaling laws that tie performance gains to rapidly expanding computational budgets, raising concerns about the sustainability of frontier-scale training. Existing carbon-estimation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Lei Jiang , Fan Chen

This paper investigates the optimal allocation of large language model (LLM) inference workloads across heterogeneous edge data centers over time. Each data center features on-site renewable generation and faces dynamic electricity prices…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jiaming Cheng , Duong Tung Nguyen

In recent years, the rapid advancement and impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have been evident across various domains. This paper explores the application, implications, and potential of LLMs in building energy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-20 Liang Zhang , Zhelun Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly better at a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks (NLP), such as text generation and understanding. Recently, these models have extended their capabilities to coding tasks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Nishat Raihan , Mohammed Latif Siddiq , Joanna C. S. Santos , Marcos Zampieri

Conventional mechanical design follows an iterative process in which initial concepts are refined through cycles of expert assessment and resource-intensive Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis to meet performance goals. While machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Yayati Jadhav , Amir Barati Farimani

Artificial intelligence systems significantly impact the environment, particularly in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. These tasks often require extensive computational resources to train deep neural networks, including large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Tohida Rehman , Debarshi Kumar Sanyal , Samiran Chattopadhyay

Computing systems are consuming an increasing and unsustainable fraction of society's energy footprint, notably in data centers. Meanwhile, energy-efficient software engineering techniques are often absent from undergraduate curricula. We…

Large Language Models are rapidly gaining traction in software engineering, yet their growing carbon footprint raises pressing sustainability concerns. While training emissions are substantial, inference quickly surpasses them due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Priyavanshi Pathania , Rohit Mehra , Vibhu Saujanya Sharma , Vikrant Kaulgud , Tiffani Nevels , Sanjay Podder , Adam P. Burden

In the context of the high energy demand of large language models (LLMs) and growing concerns about global warming, there is significant demand for actionable recommendations that can help reduce emissions when utilizing such technologies.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Boris Ruf , Marcin Detyniecki

Prominent works in the field of Natural Language Processing have long attempted to create new innovative models by improving upon previous model training approaches, altering model architecture, and developing more in-depth datasets to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Vivian Liu , Yiqiao Yin

Throughout its lifecycle, a large language model (LLM) generates a substantially larger carbon footprint during inference than training. LLM inference requests vary in batch size, prompt length, and token generation number, while cloud…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Zhenxiao Fu , Fan Chen , Shan Zhou , Haitong Li , Lei Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly recognized for their exceptional generative capabilities and versatility across various tasks. However, the high inference costs associated with these models have not received adequate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Soham Poddar , Paramita Koley , Janardan Misra , Sanjay Podder , Niloy Ganguly , Saptarshi Ghosh

Due to increased computing use, data centers consume and emit a lot of energy and carbon. These contributions are expected to rise as big data analytics, digitization, and large AI models grow and become major components of daily working…

The effect of large language models (LLMs) in education is debated: Previous research shows that LLMs can help as well as hurt learning. In two pre-registered and incentivized laboratory experiments, we find no effect of LLMs on overall…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Matthias Lehmann , Philipp B. Cornelius , Fabian J. Sting

Large Language Models (LLMs) are changing the way we operate our society and will undoubtedly impact power systems as well - but how exactly? By integrating various data streams - including real-time grid data, market dynamics, and consumer…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Seyyedreza Madani , Ahmadreza Tavasoli , Zahra Khoshtarash Astaneh , Pierre-Olivier Pineau

LLMs have been widely adopted across many real-world applications. However, their widespread use comes with significant environmental costs due to their high computational intensity and resource demands. Specifically, this has driven the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Tianyao Shi , Yanran Wu , Sihang Liu , Yi Ding

Large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3 and BERT have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), yet their environmental costs remain dangerously overlooked. This article critiques the sustainability of LLMs, quantifying their carbon…

The carbon footprint associated with large language models (LLMs) is a significant concern, encompassing emissions from their training, inference, experimentation, and storage processes, including operational and embodied carbon emissions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Ahmad Faiz , Sotaro Kaneda , Ruhan Wang , Rita Osi , Prateek Sharma , Fan Chen , Lei Jiang

As multiple crises threaten the sustainability of our societies and pose at risk the planetary boundaries, complex challenges require timely, updated, and usable information. Natural-language processing (NLP) tools enhance and expand data…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Francesca Larosa , Sergio Hoyas , H. Alberto Conejero , Javier Garcia-Martinez , Francesco Fuso Nerini , Ricardo Vinuesa