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Machine learning models are trained with relatively simple objectives, such as next token prediction. However, on deployment, they appear to capture a more fundamental representation of their input data. It is of interest to understand the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Thomas Walker

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) provide a basis for semantic abstractions within a neural network architecture. Such models have primarily been seen through the lens of interpretability so far, wherein they offer transparency by inferring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Deepika SN Vemuri , Gautham Bellamkonda , Aditya Pola , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Using attention weights to identify information that is important for models' decision-making is a popular approach to interpret attention-based neural networks. This is commonly realized in practice through the generation of a heat-map for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Tian Shi , Xuchao Zhang , Ping Wang , Chandan K. Reddy

Neural networks deliver impressive predictive performance across a variety of tasks, but they are often opaque in their decision-making processes. Despite a growing interest in mechanistic interpretability, tools for systematically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Ricardo Knauer , Andre Beinrucker , Erik Rodner

Machine learning is a vital part of many real-world systems, but several concerns remain about the lack of interpretability, explainability and robustness of black-box AI systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) address some of these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-24 Hidde Fokkema , Tim van Erven , Sara Magliacane

Recent studies report that many machine reading comprehension (MRC) models can perform closely to or even better than humans on benchmark datasets. However, existing works indicate that many MRC models may learn shortcuts to outwit these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Yuxuan Lai , Chen Zhang , Yansong Feng , Quzhe Huang , Dongyan Zhao

This paper evaluates whether training a decision tree based on concepts extracted from a concept-based explainer can increase interpretability for Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) models and boost the fidelity and performance of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Gayda Mutahar , Tim Miller

Concept-based models are an emerging paradigm in deep learning that constrains the inference process to operate through human-interpretable variables, facilitating explainability and human interaction. However, these architectures, on par…

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) assume that training examples (e.g., x-ray images) are annotated with high-level concepts (e.g., types of abnormalities), and perform classification by first predicting the concepts, followed by predicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Danis Alukaev , Semen Kiselev , Ilya Pershin , Bulat Ibragimov , Vladimir Ivanov , Alexey Kornaev , Ivan Titov

In this paper, we review recent approaches for explaining concepts in neural networks. Concepts can act as a natural link between learning and reasoning: once the concepts are identified that a neural learning system uses, one can integrate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Jae Hee Lee , Sergio Lanza , Stefan Wermter

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in computer vision; however, their black-box nature in decision-making limits interpretability and trust, particularly in safety-critical applications. Interpretability is crucial in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ran Eisenberg , Amit Rozner , Ethan Fetaya , Ofir Lindenbaum

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are regarded as inherently interpretable because they first predict a set of human-defined concepts which are used to predict a task label. For inherent interpretability to be fully realised, and ensure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Jack Furby , Daniel Cunnington , Dave Braines , Alun Preece

Concept bottleneck models are interpretable predictive models that are often used in domains where model trust is a key priority, such as healthcare. They identify a small number of human-interpretable concepts in the data, which they then…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Katrina Brown , Marton Havasi , Finale Doshi-Velez

In an attempt to gather a deeper understanding of how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) reason about human-understandable concepts, we present a method to infer labeled concept data from hidden layer activations and interpret the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Conner Chyung , Michael Tsang , Yan Liu

Modern neural networks rarely have a single way to be right. For many tasks, multiple models can achieve identical performance while relying on different features or reasoning patterns, a property known as the Rashomon Effect. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Shihan Feng , Cheng Zhang , Michael Xi , Ethan Hsu , Lesia Semenova , Chudi Zhong

Concept bottleneck models map from raw inputs to concepts, and then from concepts to targets. Such models aim to incorporate pre-specified, high-level concepts into the learning procedure, and have been motivated to meet three desiderata:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Andrei Margeloiu , Matthew Ashman , Umang Bhatt , Yanzhi Chen , Mateja Jamnik , Adrian Weller

Continual learning aims to update models under distribution shift without forgetting, yet many high-stakes deployments, such as healthcare, also require interpretability. In practice, models that adapt well (e.g., deep networks) are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dongkyu Cho , Xiyue Li , Samrachana Adhikari , Rumi Chunara

Understanding the inner representation of a neural network helps users improve models. Concept-based methods have become a popular choice for explaining deep neural networks post-hoc because, unlike most other explainable AI techniques,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Aditya Taparia , Som Sagar , Ransalu Senanayake

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enhance the interpretability of neural networks by basing predictions on human-understandable concepts. However, current CBMs typically rely on concept sets extracted from large language models or extensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Katharina Prasse , Patrick Knab , Sascha Marton , Christian Bartelt , Margret Keuper

Explainability of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has been garnering increasing attention in recent years. Of the various explainability approaches, concept-based techniques stand out for their ability to utilize human-meaningful concepts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Fatemeh Aghaeipoor , Dorsa Asgarian , Mohammad Sabokrou