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Text-to-SQL systems (also known as NL-to-SQL systems) have become an increasingly popular solution for bridging the gap between user capabilities and SQL-based data access. These systems translate user requests in natural language to valid…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jonathan Fürst , Catherine Kosten , Farhad Nooralahzadeh , Yi Zhang , Kurt Stockinger

Translating natural language utterances to executable queries is a helpful technique in making the vast amount of data stored in relational databases accessible to a wider range of non-tech-savvy end users. Prior work in this area has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Karthik Radhakrishnan , Arvind Srikantan , Xi Victoria Lin

Recent divide-and-conquer reasoning approaches, particularly those based on Chain-of-Thought (CoT), have substantially improved the Text-to-SQL capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, when applied to complex enterprise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Zhifeng Hao , Qibin Song , Ruichu Cai , Boyan Xu

Large language models revolutionize Text2SQL through supervised fine-tuning, yet a crucial limitation is overlooked: the complexity of databases leads to an increased context length, consequently resulting in higher GPU memory demands for…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Wen Wuzhenghong , Zhang Yongpan , Pan Su , Sun Yuwei , Lu Pengwei , Ding Cheng

We introduce a framework for generating Chain-of-Thought (CoT) rationales to enhance text-to-SQL model fine-tuning. These rationales consist of intermediate SQL statements and explanations, serving as incremental steps toward constructing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Gaetano Rossiello , Nhan Pham , Michael Glass , Junkyu Lee , Dharmashankar Subramanian

LLMs when used with Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), are greatly improving the SOTA of translating natural language queries to structured and correct SQL. Unlike previous reviews, this survey provides a comprehensive study of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Ali Mohammadjafari , Anthony S. Maida , Raju Gottumukkala

SQL-to-Text generation aims at translating structured SQL queries into natural language descriptions, thereby facilitating comprehension of complex database operations for non-technical users. Although large language models (LLMs) have…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Sriom Chakrabarti , Chuangtao Ma , Arijit Khan , Sebastian Link

Speech-to-SQL (S2SQL) aims to convert spoken questions into SQL queries given relational databases, which has been traditionally implemented in a cascaded manner while facing the following challenges: 1) model training is faced with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Huadai Liu , Rongjie Huang , Jinzheng He , Gang Sun , Ran Shen , Xize Cheng , Zhou Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have spurred progress in text-to-SQL, the task of generating SQL queries from natural language questions based on a given database schema. Despite the declarative nature of SQL, it continues to be a complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Ben Eyal , Amir Bachar , Ophir Haroche , Michael Elhadad

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved the accuracy of Text-to-SQL systems. However, a critical challenge remains: the semantic mismatch between natural language questions (NLQs) and their corresponding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Shaoming Duan , Zirui Wang , Chuanyi Liu , Zhibin Zhu , Yuhao Zhang , Peiyi Han , Liang Yan , Zewu Peng

Despite advances in large language model (LLM)-based natural language interfaces for databases, scaling to enterprise-level data catalogs remains an under-explored challenge. Prior works addressing this challenge rely on domain-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Jeffrey Eben , Aitzaz Ahmad , Stephen Lau

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in assisting users to query databases in natural language. While LLM-based techniques provide state-of-the-art results on many standard benchmarks, their performance significantly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Nina Narodytska , Shay Vargaftik

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently become sophisticated enough to automate many tasks ranging from pattern finding to writing assistance to code generation. In this paper, we examine text-to-SQL generation. We have observed from…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Vladislav Shkapenyuk , Divesh Srivastava , Theodore Johnson , Parisa Ghane

It is challenging to convert natural language (NL) questions into executable structured query language (SQL) queries for text-to-SQL tasks due to the vast number of database schemas with redundancy, which interferes with semantic learning,…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zhuopan Yang , Yuanzhen Xie , Ruichao Zhong , Yunzhi Tan , Enjie Liu , Zhenguo Yang , Mochi Gao , Bo Hu , Zang Li

To be informative, an evaluation must measure how well systems generalize to realistic unseen data. We identify limitations of and propose improvements to current evaluations of text-to-SQL systems. First, we compare human-generated and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Catherine Finegan-Dollak , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld , Li Zhang , Karthik Ramanathan , Sesh Sadasivam , Rui Zhang , Dragomir Radev

The potential for improvements brought by Large Language Models (LLMs) in Text-to-SQL systems is mostly assessed on monolingual English datasets. However, LLMs' performance for other languages remains vastly unexplored. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Farhad Nooralahzadeh , Yi Zhang , Ellery Smith , Sabine Maennel , Cyril Matthey-Doret , Raphaël de Fondville , Kurt Stockinger

Text-to-SQL automatically translates natural language queries to SQL, allowing non-technical users to retrieve data from databases without specialized SQL knowledge. Despite the success of advanced LLM-based Text-to-SQL approaches on…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yizhang Zhu , Runzhi Jiang , Boyan Li , Nan Tang , Yuyu Luo

Training effective Text-to-SQL models remains challenging due to the scarcity of high-quality, diverse, and structurally complex datasets. Existing methods either rely on limited human-annotated corpora, or synthesize datasets directly by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Xuanguang Pan , Chongyang Tao , Jiayuan Bai , Jianling Gao , Zhengwei Tao , Xiansheng Zhou , Gavin Cheung , Shuai Ma

Text-to-SQL models, which parse natural language (NL) questions to executable SQL queries, are increasingly adopted in real-world applications. However, deploying such models in the real world often requires adapting them to the highly…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yuan Tian , Daniel Lee , Fei Wu , Tung Mai , Kun Qian , Siddhartha Sahai , Tianyi Zhang , Yunyao Li

The SQL-to-text generation task traditionally uses template base, Seq2Seq, tree-to-sequence, and graph-to-sequence models. Recent models take advantage of pre-trained generative language models for this task in the Seq2Seq framework.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Meher Bhardwaj , Hrishikesh Ethari , Dennis Singh Moirangthem