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We recover Gessel's determinantal formula for the generating function of permutations with no ascending subsequence of length m+1. The starting point of our proof is the recursive construction of these permutations by insertion of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Mireille Bousquet-Mélou

The class of generating functions for completely monotone sequences (moments of finite positive measures on $[0,1]$) has an elegant characterization as the class of Pick functions analytic and positive on $(-\infty,1)$. We establish this…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2025-11-14 Jian-Guo Liu , Robert L. Pego

Certain families of combinatorial objects admit recursive descriptions in terms of generating trees: each node of the tree corresponds to an object, and the branch leading to the node encodes the choices made in the construction of the…

The rectangle capacity, a word statistic that was recently introduced by the author and Mansour, counts, for two fixed positive integers $r$ and $s$, the number of occurrences of a rectangle of size $r\times s$ in the bargraph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-28 Sela Fried

A Catalan word is a sequence $w_1w_2\cdots w_n$ of nonnegative integers such that $w_1=0$ and $w_{i}\leq w_{i-1}+1$ for $2\leq i\leq n$. Given a Catalan word, we construct a column-convex polyomino (or \emph{bargraph}) by placing, at…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-27 Jean-Luc Baril , Sela Fried , Nathanaël Hassler , José Luis Ramírez

Assuming repeated independent sampling from a Bernoulli distribution with two possible outcomes S and F, there are formulas for computing the probability of one specific pattern of consecutive outcomes (such as SSFFSS) winning (i.e. being…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-12-23 Rita Abraham , Jan Vrbik

Let $S$ be the numerical semigroup generated by three consecutive numbers $a,a+1,a+2$, where $a\in\mathbb{N}$, $a\geq 3$. We describe the elements of $S$ whose factorizations have all the same length, as well as the set of factorizations of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-10 Pedro A. García-Sánchez , Laura González , Francesc Planas-Vilanova

Scattered factor (circular) universality was firstly introduced by Barker et al. in 2020. A word $w$ is called $k$-universal for some natural number $k$, if every word of length $k$ of $w$'s alphabet occurs as a scattered factor in $w$; it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Pamela Fleischmann , Sebastian Bernhard Germann , Dirk Nowotka

Ascent sequences have received a lot of attention in recent years in connection with (2 + 2)-free posets and other combinatorial objects. Here, we first show bijectively that analogous repetition sequences are counted by the Bell numbers,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-07 David Callan

In this paper we determine the parity of some sequences which are related to Catalan numbers. Also we introduce a combinatorical object called, \Catalan tree", and discuss its properties.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-06-28 Volkan Yildiz

Given two functions $\mathbf{a}\!:\! [n] \rightarrow [n]$ and $\mathbf{b}\!:\! [n] \rightarrow [n]$ chosen uniformly at random, any word $w=w_1w_2\dots w_k\in \{a,b\}^k$ induces a random function $\mathbf{w}\!:\! [n] \rightarrow [n]$ by…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-04-01 Guillaume Chapuy , Guillem Perarnau

We show how to enumerate words in $1^{m_1} \dots n^{m_n}$ that avoid the increasing consecutive pattern $12 \dots r$ for any $r \geq 2$. Our approach yields an $O(n^{s+1})$ algorithm to enumerate words in $1^s \dots n^s$, avoiding the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-05-23 Mingjia Yang , Doron Zeilberger

Generalizing some popular sequences like Catalan's number, Schr\"oder's number, etc, we consider the sequence $s_n$ with $s_0=1$ and for $n\ge 1$, \begin{multline*} s_n=\sum_{x_1+\dots+x_{\ell_1}=n-1} \kappa_1 s_{x_1}\dots s_{x_{\ell_1}} +…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-25 Vuong Bui

We present a short, direct proof of the fact that the generating function of all permutations of a fixed length $n\geq 4$ is divisible by $(1+z)^m$, where $m=\lfloor (n-2)/2 \rfloor$.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-27 Miklós Bóna

In this paper, we introduce two differential equations arising from the generating function of the Catalan numbers which are `inverses' to each other in some sense. From these differential equations, we obtain some new and explicit…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-20 Taekyun Kim , Dae San Kim

Hyperuniformity is a property of certain heteroneous media in which density fluctuations in the long wavelength range decay to zero. In reciprocal space this behavior translates into a decay of Fourier intensities in the range near small…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-09-08 Mario Lázaro , Luis M. García-Raffi

We use generating functions to enumerate Arndt compositions, that is, integer compositions where there is a descent between every second pair of parts, starting with the first and second part, and so on. In 2013, J\"org Arndt noted that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-11-28 Daniel F. Checa , José L. Ramírez

In this paper, we introduce a context-free grammar $G\colon x \rightarrow xy,\, y \rightarrow zu,\, z \rightarrow zw,\, w \rightarrow xv,\, u \rightarrow xyz^{-1}v,\, v \rightarrow x^{-1}zwu$ over the variable set $V=\{x,y,z,w,u,v\}$. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-09-21 Amy M. Fu , Frank Z. K. Li

We count the number of distinct (scattered) subwords occurring in the base-b expansion of the non-negative integers. More precisely, we consider the sequence $(S_b(n))_{n\ge 0}$ counting the number of positive entries on each row of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-18 Julien Leroy , Michel Rigo , Manon Stipulanti

In this work, we combine the research on (absent) scattered factors with the one of jumbled words. For instance, $\mathtt{wolf}$ is an absent scattered factor of $\mathtt{cauliflower}$ but since $\mathtt{lfow}$, a jumbled (or abelian)…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-05 Pamela Fleischmann , Annika Huch , Melf Kammholz , Tore Koß