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Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMC) entails selecting the most relevant labels for an instance from a vast label set. Extreme Zero-shot XMC (EZ-XMC) extends this challenge by operating without annotated data, relying only on raw…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jinbin Zhang , Nasib Ullah , Rohit Babbar

We consider the problem of semantic matching in product search: given a customer query, retrieve all semantically related products from a huge catalog of size 100 million, or more. Because of large catalog spaces and real-time latency…

The goal in extreme multi-label classification is to learn a classifier which can assign a small subset of relevant labels to an instance from an extremely large set of target labels. Datasets in extreme classification exhibit a long tail…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-06 Rohit Babbar , Bernhard Schölkopf

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) refers to the problem of tagging a given text with the most relevant subset of labels from a large label set. A majority of labels only have a few training instances due to large label…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Yuan Wang , Huiling Song , Peng Huo , Tao Xu , Jucheng Yang , Yarui Chen , Tingting Zhao

The extreme multi-label classification (XMC) task aims at tagging content with a subset of labels from an extremely large label set. The label vocabulary is typically defined in advance by domain experts and assumed to capture all necessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-13 Daniel Simig , Fabio Petroni , Pouya Yanki , Kashyap Popat , Christina Du , Sebastian Riedel , Majid Yazdani

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) is the task of finding the most relevant subset labels from an extremely large-scale label collection. Recently, some deep learning models have achieved state-of-the-art results in XMTC tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Jie Cao , Yin Zhang

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) aims at tagging a document with most relevant labels from an extremely large-scale label set. It is a challenging problem especially for the tail labels because there are only few training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-15 Xin Huang , Boli Chen , Lin Xiao , Liping Jing

Extreme multi-label (XML) classification refers to the task of supervised multi-label learning that involves a large number of labels. Hence, scalability of the classifier with increasing label dimension is an important consideration. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Istasis Mishra , Arpan Dasgupta , Pratik Jawanpuria , Bamdev Mishra , Pawan Kumar

Extreme multi-label learning (XML) or classification has been a practical and important problem since the boom of big data. The main challenge lies in the exponential label space which involves $2^L$ possible label sets especially when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Wenjie Zhang , Junchi Yan , Xiangfeng Wang , Hongyuan Zha

This paper focuses on the task of Extreme Multi-Label Classification (XMC) whose goal is to predict multiple labels for each instance from an extremely large label space. While existing research has primarily focused on fully supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yaxin Zhu , Hamed Zamani

Extreme multi-label classification (XMC) aims to learn a model that can tag data points with a subset of relevant labels from an extremely large label set. Real world e-commerce applications like personalized recommendations and product…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Tavor Z. Baharav , Daniel L. Jiang , Kedarnath Kolluri , Sujay Sanghavi , Inderjit S. Dhillon

The number of categories of instances in the real world is normally huge, and each instance may contain multiple labels. To distinguish these massive labels utilizing machine learning, eXtreme Label Classification (XLC) has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Daojun Liang , Haixia Zhang , Dongfeng Yuan , Minggao Zhang

Large output spaces, also referred to as Extreme multilabel classification (XMC), is a setting that arises, e.g., in large-scale tagging and product-to-product recommendation, and is characterized by the number of labels ranging from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jinbin Zhang , Nasib Ullah , Erik Schultheis , Rohit Babbar

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) is a task for tagging a given text with the most relevant labels from an extremely large label set. We propose a novel deep learning method called APLC-XLNet. Our approach fine-tunes the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Hui Ye , Zhiyu Chen , Da-Han Wang , Brian D. Davison

In the context of Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMTC), where labels are assigned to text instances from a large label space, the long-tail distribution of labels presents a significant challenge. Labels can be broadly categorized…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Celso França , Gestefane Rabbi , Thiago Salles , Washington Cunha , Leonardo Rocha , Marcos André Gonçalves

Identifying multiple novel classes in an image, known as open-vocabulary multi-label recognition, is a challenging task in computer vision. Recent studies explore the transfer of powerful vision-language models such as CLIP. However, these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Hao Tan , Zichang Tan , Jun Li , Ajian Liu , Jun Wan , Zhen Lei

Multiclass decomposition splits a multiclass classification problem into a series of independent binary learners and recomposes them by combining their outputs to reconstruct the multiclass classification results. Three widely-used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Ziyu Liu , Guolin Ke , Jiang Bian , Tieyan Liu

Scalability and accuracy are well recognized challenges in deep extreme multi-label learning where the objective is to train architectures for automatically annotating a data point with the most relevant subset of labels from an extremely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Kunal Dahiya , Deepak Saini , Anshul Mittal , Ankush Shaw , Kushal Dave , Akshay Soni , Himanshu Jain , Sumeet Agarwal , Manik Varma

To better support information retrieval tasks such as web search and open-domain question answering, growing effort is made to develop retrieval-oriented language models, e.g., RetroMAE and many others. Most of the existing works focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Shitao Xiao , Zheng Liu , Yingxia Shao , Zhao Cao

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) is the task of tagging each document with the relevant labels from a very large space of predefined categories. Recently, large pre-trained Transformer models have made significant performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Ruohong Zhang , Yau-Shian Wang , Yiming Yang , Tom Vu , Likun Lei